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diff --git a/share/FAQ/FreeBSD.FAQ b/share/FAQ/FreeBSD.FAQ index cf7d900..f63238d 100644 --- a/share/FAQ/FreeBSD.FAQ +++ b/share/FAQ/FreeBSD.FAQ @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Please mail all suggestions and additions to <FAQ@FreeBSD.ORG> -Revision: $Id: FreeBSD.FAQ,v 1.21 1995/03/02 19:34:05 gclarkii Exp $ +Revision: $Id: FreeBSD.FAQ,v 1.22 1995/03/07 13:54:44 roberto Exp $ All entries are assumed to be relevant to FreeBSD 2.0. Any entries with a <XXX> are under construction. @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Table of Contents 6 Kernel Configuration 7 System Administration 8 Networking -9 Serial Communications <XXX> +9 Serial Communications @@ -911,6 +911,371 @@ vat_nv_record Recording tools for vat ftp.sics.se:archive/vat_nv_record.tar.Z 9 Serial Communications ----------------------- +This section answers common questions about serial communications with +FreeBSD. + +9.1: How do I tell if FreeBSD found my serial ports or modem cards? + +As the FreeBSD kernel boots, it will probe for the serial ports in +your system for which the kernel was configured. You can either watch +your system closely for the messages it prints or run the command + + dmesg | grep sio + +after your system's up and running. + +Here's some example output from the above command: + + sio0 at 0x3f8-0x3ff irq 4 on isa + sio0: type 16550A + sio1 at 0x2f8-0x2ff irq 3 on isa + sio1: type 16550A + +This shows two serial ports. The first is on irq 4, is using port +address 0x3f8, and has a 16550A-type UART chip. The second uses the +same kind of chip but is on irq 3 and is at port address 0x2f8. +Internal modem cards are treated just like serial ports---except that +they always have a modem ``attached'' to the port. + +The GENERIC kernel includes support for two serial ports using the +same irq and port address settings in the above example. If these +settings aren't right for your system, or if you've added modem cards +or have more serial ports than your kernel is configured for, just +reconfigure your kernel. See section 7 of the FAQ for more details. + +9.2: How do I access the serial ports once FreeBSD is running? + +The third serial port, sio2 (known as COM3 in DOS), is on /dev/tty02 +for directly-connected devices, on /dev/cuaa2 for dial-out devices, +and on /dev/ttyd2 for dial-in devices. What's the difference between +these three classes of devices? + +You use ttyXX for directly-connected or hardwired devices, like +printers or terminals. + +In place of ttyXX, you can use the pair of devices cuaaX and ttydX. +You use ttydX for dial-ins. The ttydX device acts like the ttyXX +device, but it also uses the modem control lines. When opening +/dev/ttydX in blocking mode, a process will wait for the corresponding +cuaaX device to become inactive, and then wait for the carrier detect +line to go active. When you open the cuaaX device, it makes sure the +serial port isn't already in use by the ttydX device. If the port's +available, it ``steals'' it from the ttydX device. Also, the cuaaX +device doesn't care about carrier detect. With this scheme and an +auto-answer modem, you can have remote users log in and you can still +dialout with the same modem and the system will take care of all the +conflicts. + +9.3: How do I configure the kernel for my multiport serial card? + +Again, the section on kernel configuration provides information about +configuring your kernel. For a multiport serial card, place an sio +line for each serial port on the card in the kernel configuration +file. But place the irq and vector specifiers on only one of the +entries. All of the ports on the card should share one irq. For +consistency, use the last serial port to specify the irq. Also, +specify the COM_MULTIPORT option. + +The following example is for an AST 4-port serial card on irq 7: + + options "COM_MULTIPORT" + device sio4 at isa? port 0x2a0 tty flags 0x781 + device sio5 at isa? port 0x2a8 tty flags 0x781 + device sio6 at isa? port 0x2b0 tty flags 0x781 + device sio7 at isa? port 0x2b8 tty flags 0x781 irq 7 vector siointr + +The flags indicate that the master port has minor number 7 (0x700), +diagnostics enabled during probe (0x080), and all the ports share an +irq (0x001). + +9.4: I have two multiport serial cards that can share irqs. Can + FreeBSD handle this? + +Not yet. You'll have to use a different irq for each card. + +9.5: What's the difference between tty01, ttyi01, and ttyl01? Or, + how can I set the default serial parameters for a port? + +The ttyXX (or cuaaX or ttydX) device is the regular device you'll want +to open for your applications. When a process opens the device, it'll +have a default set of terminal I/O settings. You can see these +settings with the command + + stty -a -f /dev/tty01 + +When you change the settings to this device, the settings are in +effect until the device is closed. When it's reopened, it goes back +to the default set. To make changes to the default set, you can open +and adjust the settings of the ``initial state'' device. For example, +to turn on CLOCAL mode, 8 bits, and XON/XOFF flow control by default +for tty05, do: + + stty -f /dev/ttyi05 clocal cs8 ixon ixoff + +A good place to do this is in /etc/rc.serial. Now, an application +will have these settings by default when it opens tty05. It can still +change these settings to its liking, though. + +You can also prevent certain settings from being changed by an +application by making adjustments to the ``lock state'' device. For +example, to lock the speed of tty05 to 57600 bps, do + + stty -f /dev/ttyl05 57600 + +Now, an application that opens tty05 and tries to change the speed of +the port will be stuck with 57600 bps. + +Naturally, you should make the initial state and lock state devices +writable only by root. The MAKEDEV script does NOT do this when it +creates the device entries. + +9.6: How can I enable dialup logins on my modem? + +So you want to become an Internet service provider, eh? First, you'll +need one or more modems that can autoanswer. Your modem will need to +assert carrier-detect when it detects a carrier and not assert it all +the time. It will need to hang up the phone and reset itself when the +data terminal ready (DTR) line goes from on to off. It should +probably use RTS/CTS flow control or no local flow control at all. +Finally, it must use a constant speed between the computer and itself, +but (to be nice to your callers) it should negotiate a speed between +itself and the remote modem. + +For many Hayes command-set--compatible modems, this command will +make these settings and store them in nonvolatile memory: + + AT &C1 &D3 &K3 &Q6 S0=1 &W + +See 9.10 below for information on how to make these settings without +resorting to an MS-DOS terminal program. + +Next, make an entry in /etc/ttys for the modem. This file lists all +the ports on which the operating system will await logins. Add a line +that looks something like this: + + ttyd1 "/usr/libexec/getty std.57600" dialup on insecure + +This line indicates that the second serial port (/dev/ttyd1) has a +modem connected running at 57600 bps and no parity (std.57600, which +comes from the file /etc/gettytab). The terminal type for this port +is ``dialup.'' The port is ``on'' and is ``insecure''---meaning root +logins on the port aren't allowed. For dialin ports like this one, +use the ttydX entry. + +It's common practice to use ``dialup'' as the terminal type. Many +users set up in their .profile or .login files a prompt for the actual +terminal type if the starting type is dialup. The example shows the +port as insecure. To become root on this port, you have to login as a +regular user, then ``su'' to root. If you use ``secure'' then root +can login in directly. + +After making modifications to /etc/ttys, you need to send a hangup or +HUP signal to the init process: + + kill -1 1 + +This forces the init process to reread /etc/ttys. The init process +will then start getty processes on all ``on'' ports. You can find out +if logins are available for your port by typing + + ps -ax | grep '[t]tyd1' + +You should see something like: + + 747 ?? I 0:00.04 /usr/libexec/getty std.57600 ttyd1 + +9.7: How can I make my spare computer a dumb terminal connected to my + FreeBSD box? + +If you're using another computer as a terminal into your FreeBSD +system, get a null modem cable to go between the two serial ports. If +you're using an actual terminal, see its accompanying instructions. + +Then, modify /etc/ttys, like above. For example, if you're hooking up +a WYSE-50 terminal to the fifth serial port, use an entry like this: + + tty04 "/usr/libexec/getty std.38400" wyse50 on secure + +This example shows that the port on /dev/tty04 has a wyse50 terminal +connected at 38400 bps with no parity (std.38400 from /etc/gettytab) +and root logins are allowed (secure). For directly-connected +terminals, use the ttyXX entry. + +9.8: Why can't I run tip or cu? + +On your system, the programs tip and cu are probably executable only +by uucp and group dialer. You can use the group dialer to control who +has access to your modem or remote systems. Just add yourself to +group dialer. + +Alternatively, you can let everyone on your system run tip and cu by +typing: + + chmod 4511 /usr/bin/tip + +You don't have to run this command for cu, since cu is just a hard +link to tip. + +9.9: My stock Hayes modem isn't supported---what should I do? + +Actually, the man page for tip is out of date. There is a generic +Hayes dialer already built in. Just use ``at=hayes'' in your +/etc/remote file. + +The Hayes driver isn't smart enough to recognize some of the advanced +features of newer modems---messages like BUSY, NO DIALTONE, or CONNECT +115200 will just confuse it. You should turn those messages off when +you use tip (using ATX0&W). + +Also, the dial timeout for tip is 60 seconds. Your modem should use +something less, or else tip will think there's a communication +problem. Try ATS7=45&W. + +9.10: How am I expected to enter these AT commands without + resorting to some DOS-based terminal program? + +Make what's called a ``direct'' entry in your /etc/remote file. For +example, if your modem's hooked up to the first serial port, +/dev/cuaa0, then put in the following line: + + cuaa0:dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#19200:pa=none + +Use the highest bps rate your modem supports in the br capability. +Then, type ``tip cuaa0'' and you'll be connected to your modem. + +If there is no /dev/cuaa0 on your system, do this: + + cd /dev + MAKEDEV cuaa0 + +9.11: Why doesn't the @ sign for the phone number capability work? + +The @ sign in the pn capability tells tip to look in /etc/phones for a +phone number. But the @ sign is also a special character in +capability files like /etc/remote. Escape it with a backslash: +``pn=\@''. + +9.12: How can I dial a phone number on the command line? + +Put what's called a ``generic'' entry in your /etc/remote file. For +example: + + tip115200|Dial any phone number at 115200 bps:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#115200:at=hayes:pa=none:du: + tip57600|Dial any phone number at 57600 bps:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa0:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: + +Then you can things like ``tip -115200 5551234''. If you prefer cu +over tip, use a generic cu entry: + + cu115200|Use cu to dial any number at 115200bps:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa1:br#57600:at=hayes:pa=none:du: + +and type ``cu 5551234 -s 115200''. + +9.13: Great---but how can I do that without having to specify the bps + rate on the command line? + +Put in an entry for tip1200 or cu1200, but go ahead and use whatever +bps rate is appropriate with the br capability. tip thinks a good +default is 1200 bps which is why it looks for a ``tip1200'' entry. +You don't have to use 1200 bps, though. + +9.14: I want separate entries for various hosts I access through a + terminal server, but I don't want to type ``CONNECT <host>'' + each time once I'm connected. Can tip do that for me? + +Yes. Use the cm capability. For example, these entries in +/etc/remote: + + pain|pain.deep13.com|Forrester's machine:\ + :cm=CONNECT pain\n:tc=deep13: + muffin|muffin.deep13.com|Frank's machine:\ + :cm=CONNECT muffin\n:tc=deep13: + deep13:Gizmonics Institute terminal server:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa2:br#38400:at=hayes:du:pa=none:pn=5551234: + +will let you type ``tip pain'' or ``tip muffin'' to connect to the +hosts pain or muffin; and ``tip deep13'' to get to the terminal +server. + +9.15: My university has 42 billion students but only 4 modem lines. + Can tip automatically try each line? + +Sure. Make an entry for your university in /etc/remote and use \@ for +the pn capability: + + big-university:\ + :pn=\@:tc=dialout + dialout:\ + :dv=/dev/cuaa3:br#9600:at=courier:du:pa=none: + +Then, list the phone numbers for the university in /etc/phones: + + big-university 5551111 + big-university 5551112 + big-university 5551113 + big-university 5551114 + +tip will try each one in the listed order, then give up. If you want +to keep retrying, run tip in a while loop. + +9.16: How come I have to hit CTRL+P twice to send CTRL+P once? + +CTRL+P is the default ``force'' character, used to tell tip that the +next character is literal data. You can set the force character to +any other character with the ~s escape, which means ``set a +variable.'' + +Type ``~sforce=<single-char>'' followed by a newline. <single-char> +is any single character. If you leave out <single-char>, then the +force character is the nul character, which you can get by typing +CTRL+2 or CTRL+SPACE. A pretty good value for <single-char> is +SHIFT+CTRL+6, which I've seen only used on some terminal servers. + +You can have the force character be whatever you want by specifying +the following in your $HOME/.tiprc file: + + force=<single-char> + +9.17: Suddenly everything I type is all UPPER CASE. What gives? + +You must've pressed CTRL+A, tip's ``raise character,'' specially +designed for people with broken caps-lock keys. Use ~s as above and +set the variable ``raisechar'' to something reasonable. In fact, you +can set it to the same as the force character, if you never expect to +use either of these features. + +Here's a sample .tiprc file perfect for Emacs users who need to type +CTRL+2 and CTRL+A a lot: + + force=^^ + raisechar=^^ + +The ^^ is SHIFT+CTRL+6. + +9.18: How can I do file transfers with tip? + +If you're talking to another UNIX system, you can send and receive +files with ~p (put) and ~t (take). These commands run ``cat'' and +``echo'' on the remote system to accept and send files. The syntax +is: + + ~p <local-file> [<remote-file>] + ~t <remote-file> [<local-file>] + +There's no error checking, so you probably should use another +protocol, like zmodem. + +9.19: Okay, how can I run zmodem with tip? + +To receive files, start the sending program on the remote end. Then, +type ``~C rz'' to begin receiving them locally. + +To send files, start the receiving program on the remote end. Then, +type ``~C sz <files>'' to send them to the remote system. + + NOTE: Anyone wishing to submit a FAQ entry on how to get tip and cu working would have it much appreciated! We all use Kermit over here! :-) |