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diff --git a/20130123/make.1 b/20130123/make.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..198410c --- /dev/null +++ b/20130123/make.1 @@ -0,0 +1,2098 @@ +.\" $NetBSD: make.1,v 1.210 2013/01/27 18:52:01 sjg Exp $ +.\" +.\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" from: @(#)make.1 8.4 (Berkeley) 3/19/94 +.\" +.Dd January 23, 2013 +.Dt MAKE 1 +.Os +.Sh NAME +.Nm make +.Nd maintain program dependencies +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.Nm +.Op Fl BeikNnqrstWX +.Op Fl C Ar directory +.Op Fl D Ar variable +.Op Fl d Ar flags +.Op Fl f Ar makefile +.Op Fl I Ar directory +.Op Fl J Ar private +.Op Fl j Ar max_jobs +.Op Fl m Ar directory +.Op Fl T Ar file +.Op Fl V Ar variable +.Op Ar variable=value +.Op Ar target ... +.Sh DESCRIPTION +.Nm +is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs. +Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which programs +and other files depend. +If no +.Fl f Ar makefile +makefile option is given, +.Nm +will try to open +.Ql Pa makefile +then +.Ql Pa Makefile +in order to find the specifications. +If the file +.Ql Pa .depend +exists, it is read (see +.Xr mkdep 1 ) . +.Pp +This manual page is intended as a reference document only. +For a more thorough description of +.Nm +and makefiles, please refer to +.%T "PMake \- A Tutorial" . +.Pp +.Nm +will prepend the contents of the +.Va MAKEFLAGS +environment variable to the command line arguments before parsing them. +.Pp +The options are as follows: +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Fl B +Try to be backwards compatible by executing a single shell per command and +by executing the commands to make the sources of a dependency line in sequence. +.It Fl C Ar directory +Change to +.Ar directory +before reading the makefiles or doing anything else. +If multiple +.Fl C +options are specified, each is interpreted relative to the previous one: +.Fl C Pa / Fl C Pa etc +is equivalent to +.Fl C Pa /etc . +.It Fl D Ar variable +Define +.Ar variable +to be 1, in the global context. +.It Fl d Ar [-]flags +Turn on debugging, and specify which portions of +.Nm +are to print debugging information. +Unless the flags are preceded by +.Ql \- +they are added to the +.Va MAKEFLAGS +environment variable and will be processed by any child make processes. +By default, debugging information is printed to standard error, +but this can be changed using the +.Ar F +debugging flag. +The debugging output is always unbuffered; in addition, if debugging +is enabled but debugging output is not directed to standard output, +then the standard output is line buffered. +.Ar Flags +is one or more of the following: +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Ar A +Print all possible debugging information; +equivalent to specifying all of the debugging flags. +.It Ar a +Print debugging information about archive searching and caching. +.It Ar C +Print debugging information about current working directory. +.It Ar c +Print debugging information about conditional evaluation. +.It Ar d +Print debugging information about directory searching and caching. +.It Ar e +Print debugging information about failed commands and targets. +.It Ar F Ns Oo Sy \&+ Oc Ns Ar filename +Specify where debugging output is written. +This must be the last flag, because it consumes the remainder of +the argument. +If the character immediately after the +.Ql F +flag is +.Ql \&+ , +then the file will be opened in append mode; +otherwise the file will be overwritten. +If the file name is +.Ql stdout +or +.Ql stderr +then debugging output will be written to the +standard output or standard error output file descriptors respectively +(and the +.Ql \&+ +option has no effect). +Otherwise, the output will be written to the named file. +If the file name ends +.Ql .%d +then the +.Ql %d +is replaced by the pid. +.It Ar f +Print debugging information about loop evaluation. +.It Ar "g1" +Print the input graph before making anything. +.It Ar "g2" +Print the input graph after making everything, or before exiting +on error. +.It Ar "g3" +Print the input graph before exiting on error. +.It Ar j +Print debugging information about running multiple shells. +.It Ar l +Print commands in Makefiles regardless of whether or not they are prefixed by +.Ql @ +or other "quiet" flags. +Also known as "loud" behavior. +.It Ar M +Print debugging information about "meta" mode decisions about targets. +.It Ar m +Print debugging information about making targets, including modification +dates. +.It Ar n +Don't delete the temporary command scripts created when running commands. +These temporary scripts are created in the directory +referred to by the +.Ev TMPDIR +environment variable, or in +.Pa /tmp +if +.Ev TMPDIR +is unset or set to the empty string. +The temporary scripts are created by +.Xr mkstemp 3 , +and have names of the form +.Pa makeXXXXXX . +.Em NOTE : +This can create many files in +.Ev TMPDIR +or +.Pa /tmp , +so use with care. +.It Ar p +Print debugging information about makefile parsing. +.It Ar s +Print debugging information about suffix-transformation rules. +.It Ar t +Print debugging information about target list maintenance. +.It Ar V +Force the +.Fl V +option to print raw values of variables. +.It Ar v +Print debugging information about variable assignment. +.It Ar x +Run shell commands with +.Fl x +so the actual commands are printed as they are executed. +.El +.It Fl e +Specify that environment variables override macro assignments within +makefiles. +.It Fl f Ar makefile +Specify a makefile to read instead of the default +.Ql Pa makefile . +If +.Ar makefile +is +.Ql Fl , +standard input is read. +Multiple makefiles may be specified, and are read in the order specified. +.It Fl I Ar directory +Specify a directory in which to search for makefiles and included makefiles. +The system makefile directory (or directories, see the +.Fl m +option) is automatically included as part of this list. +.It Fl i +Ignore non-zero exit of shell commands in the makefile. +Equivalent to specifying +.Ql Fl +before each command line in the makefile. +.It Fl J Ar private +This option should +.Em not +be specified by the user. +.Pp +When the +.Ar j +option is in use in a recursive build, this option is passed by a make +to child makes to allow all the make processes in the build to +cooperate to avoid overloading the system. +.It Fl j Ar max_jobs +Specify the maximum number of jobs that +.Nm +may have running at any one time. +The value is saved in +.Va .MAKE.JOBS . +Turns compatibility mode off, unless the +.Ar B +flag is also specified. +When compatibility mode is off, all commands associated with a +target are executed in a single shell invocation as opposed to the +traditional one shell invocation per line. +This can break traditional scripts which change directories on each +command invocation and then expect to start with a fresh environment +on the next line. +It is more efficient to correct the scripts rather than turn backwards +compatibility on. +.It Fl k +Continue processing after errors are encountered, but only on those targets +that do not depend on the target whose creation caused the error. +.It Fl m Ar directory +Specify a directory in which to search for sys.mk and makefiles included +via the +.Ao Ar file Ac Ns -style +include statement. +The +.Fl m +option can be used multiple times to form a search path. +This path will override the default system include path: /usr/share/mk. +Furthermore the system include path will be appended to the search path used +for +.Qo Ar file Qc Ns -style +include statements (see the +.Fl I +option). +.Pp +If a file or directory name in the +.Fl m +argument (or the +.Ev MAKESYSPATH +environment variable) starts with the string +.Qq \&.../ +then +.Nm +will search for the specified file or directory named in the remaining part +of the argument string. +The search starts with the current directory of +the Makefile and then works upward towards the root of the filesystem. +If the search is successful, then the resulting directory replaces the +.Qq \&.../ +specification in the +.Fl m +argument. +If used, this feature allows +.Nm +to easily search in the current source tree for customized sys.mk files +(e.g., by using +.Qq \&.../mk/sys.mk +as an argument). +.It Fl n +Display the commands that would have been executed, but do not +actually execute them unless the target depends on the .MAKE special +source (see below). +.It Fl N +Display the commands which would have been executed, but do not +actually execute any of them; useful for debugging top-level makefiles +without descending into subdirectories. +.It Fl q +Do not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets are +up-to-date and 1, otherwise. +.It Fl r +Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile. +.It Fl s +Do not echo any commands as they are executed. +Equivalent to specifying +.Ql Ic @ +before each command line in the makefile. +.It Fl T Ar tracefile +When used with the +.Fl j +flag, +append a trace record to +.Ar tracefile +for each job started and completed. +.It Fl t +Rather than re-building a target as specified in the makefile, create it +or update its modification time to make it appear up-to-date. +.It Fl V Ar variable +Print +.Nm Ns 's +idea of the value of +.Ar variable , +in the global context. +Do not build any targets. +Multiple instances of this option may be specified; +the variables will be printed one per line, +with a blank line for each null or undefined variable. +If +.Ar variable +contains a +.Ql \&$ +then the value will be expanded before printing. +.It Fl W +Treat any warnings during makefile parsing as errors. +.It Fl X +Don't export variables passed on the command line to the environment +individually. +Variables passed on the command line are still exported +via the +.Va MAKEFLAGS +environment variable. +This option may be useful on systems which have a small limit on the +size of command arguments. +.It Ar variable=value +Set the value of the variable +.Ar variable +to +.Ar value . +Normally, all values passed on the command line are also exported to +sub-makes in the environment. +The +.Fl X +flag disables this behavior. +Variable assignments should follow options for POSIX compatibility +but no ordering is enforced. +.El +.Pp +There are seven different types of lines in a makefile: file dependency +specifications, shell commands, variable assignments, include statements, +conditional directives, for loops, and comments. +.Pp +In general, lines may be continued from one line to the next by ending +them with a backslash +.Pq Ql \e . +The trailing newline character and initial whitespace on the following +line are compressed into a single space. +.Sh FILE DEPENDENCY SPECIFICATIONS +Dependency lines consist of one or more targets, an operator, and zero +or more sources. +This creates a relationship where the targets +.Dq depend +on the sources +and are usually created from them. +The exact relationship between the target and the source is determined +by the operator that separates them. +The three operators are as follows: +.Bl -tag -width flag +.It Ic \&: +A target is considered out-of-date if its modification time is less than +those of any of its sources. +Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator +is used. +The target is removed if +.Nm +is interrupted. +.It Ic \&! +Targets are always re-created, but not until all sources have been +examined and re-created as necessary. +Sources for a target accumulate over dependency lines when this operator +is used. +The target is removed if +.Nm +is interrupted. +.It Ic \&:: +If no sources are specified, the target is always re-created. +Otherwise, a target is considered out-of-date if any of its sources has +been modified more recently than the target. +Sources for a target do not accumulate over dependency lines when this +operator is used. +The target will not be removed if +.Nm +is interrupted. +.El +.Pp +Targets and sources may contain the shell wildcard values +.Ql \&? , +.Ql * , +.Ql [] , +and +.Ql {} . +The values +.Ql \&? , +.Ql * , +and +.Ql [] +may only be used as part of the final +component of the target or source, and must be used to describe existing +files. +The value +.Ql {} +need not necessarily be used to describe existing files. +Expansion is in directory order, not alphabetically as done in the shell. +.Sh SHELL COMMANDS +Each target may have associated with it a series of shell commands, normally +used to create the target. +Each of the commands in this script +.Em must +be preceded by a tab. +While any target may appear on a dependency line, only one of these +dependencies may be followed by a creation script, unless the +.Ql Ic \&:: +operator is used. +.Pp +If the first characters of the command line are any combination of +.Ql Ic @ , +.Ql Ic + , +or +.Ql Ic \- , +the command is treated specially. +A +.Ql Ic @ +causes the command not to be echoed before it is executed. +A +.Ql Ic + +causes the command to be executed even when +.Fl n +is given. +This is similar to the effect of the .MAKE special source, +except that the effect can be limited to a single line of a script. +A +.Ql Ic \- +causes any non-zero exit status of the command line to be ignored. +.Pp +When +.Nm +is run in jobs mode with +.Fl j Ar max_jobs , +the entire script for the target is fed to a +single instance of the shell. +.Pp +In compatibility (non-jobs) mode, each command is run in a separate process. +If the command contains any shell meta characters +.Pq Ql #=|^(){};&<>*?[]:$`\e\en +it will be passed to the shell, otherwise +.Nm +will attempt direct execution. +.Pp +Since +.Nm +will +.Xr chdir 2 +to +.Ql Va .OBJDIR +before executing any targets, each child process +starts with that as its current working directory. +.Pp +Makefiles should be written so that the mode of +.Nm +operation does not change their behavior. +For example, any command which needs to use +.Dq cd +or +.Dq chdir , +without side-effect should be put in parenthesis: +.Bd -literal -offset indent + +avoid-chdir-side-effects: + @echo Building $@ in `pwd` + @(cd ${.CURDIR} && ${.MAKE} $@) + @echo Back in `pwd` + +ensure-one-shell-regardless-of-mode: + @echo Building $@ in `pwd`; \\ + (cd ${.CURDIR} && ${.MAKE} $@); \\ + echo Back in `pwd` +.Ed +.Sh VARIABLE ASSIGNMENTS +Variables in make are much like variables in the shell, and, by tradition, +consist of all upper-case letters. +.Ss Variable assignment modifiers +The five operators that can be used to assign values to variables are as +follows: +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Ic \&= +Assign the value to the variable. +Any previous value is overridden. +.It Ic \&+= +Append the value to the current value of the variable. +.It Ic \&?= +Assign the value to the variable if it is not already defined. +.It Ic \&:= +Assign with expansion, i.e. expand the value before assigning it +to the variable. +Normally, expansion is not done until the variable is referenced. +.Em NOTE : +References to undefined variables are +.Em not +expanded. +This can cause problems when variable modifiers are used. +.It Ic \&!= +Expand the value and pass it to the shell for execution and assign +the result to the variable. +Any newlines in the result are replaced with spaces. +.El +.Pp +Any white-space before the assigned +.Ar value +is removed; if the value is being appended, a single space is inserted +between the previous contents of the variable and the appended value. +.Pp +Variables are expanded by surrounding the variable name with either +curly braces +.Pq Ql {} +or parentheses +.Pq Ql () +and preceding it with +a dollar sign +.Pq Ql \&$ . +If the variable name contains only a single letter, the surrounding +braces or parentheses are not required. +This shorter form is not recommended. +.Pp +If the variable name contains a dollar, then the name itself is expanded first. +This allows almost arbitrary variable names, however names containing dollar, +braces, parenthesis, or whitespace are really best avoided! +.Pp +If the result of expanding a variable contains a dollar sign +.Pq Ql \&$ +the string is expanded again. +.Pp +Variable substitution occurs at three distinct times, depending on where +the variable is being used. +.Bl -enum +.It +Variables in dependency lines are expanded as the line is read. +.It +Variables in shell commands are expanded when the shell command is +executed. +.It +.Dq .for +loop index variables are expanded on each loop iteration. +Note that other variables are not expanded inside loops so +the following example code: +.Bd -literal -offset indent + +.Dv .for i in 1 2 3 +a+= ${i} +j= ${i} +b+= ${j} +.Dv .endfor + +all: + @echo ${a} + @echo ${b} + +.Ed +will print: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +1 2 3 +3 3 3 + +.Ed +Because while ${a} contains +.Dq 1 2 3 +after the loop is executed, ${b} +contains +.Dq ${j} ${j} ${j} +which expands to +.Dq 3 3 3 +since after the loop completes ${j} contains +.Dq 3 . +.El +.Ss Variable classes +The four different classes of variables (in order of increasing precedence) +are: +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Environment variables +Variables defined as part of +.Nm Ns 's +environment. +.It Global variables +Variables defined in the makefile or in included makefiles. +.It Command line variables +Variables defined as part of the command line. +.It Local variables +Variables that are defined specific to a certain target. +The seven local variables are as follows: +.Bl -tag -width ".ARCHIVE" +.It Va .ALLSRC +The list of all sources for this target; also known as +.Ql Va \&\*[Gt] . +.It Va .ARCHIVE +The name of the archive file. +.It Va .IMPSRC +In suffix-transformation rules, the name/path of the source from which the +target is to be transformed (the +.Dq implied +source); also known as +.Ql Va \&\*[Lt] . +It is not defined in explicit rules. +.It Va .MEMBER +The name of the archive member. +.It Va .OODATE +The list of sources for this target that were deemed out-of-date; also +known as +.Ql Va \&? . +.It Va .PREFIX +The file prefix of the target, containing only the file portion, no suffix +or preceding directory components; also known as +.Ql Va * . +.It Va .TARGET +The name of the target; also known as +.Ql Va @ . +.El +.Pp +The shorter forms +.Ql Va @ , +.Ql Va \&? , +.Ql Va \&\*[Lt] , +.Ql Va \&\*[Gt] , +and +.Ql Va * +are permitted for backward +compatibility with historical makefiles and are not recommended. +The six variables +.Ql Va "@F" , +.Ql Va "@D" , +.Ql Va "\*[Lt]F" , +.Ql Va "\*[Lt]D" , +.Ql Va "*F" , +and +.Ql Va "*D" +are permitted for compatibility with +.At V +makefiles and are not recommended. +.Pp +Four of the local variables may be used in sources on dependency lines +because they expand to the proper value for each target on the line. +These variables are +.Ql Va .TARGET , +.Ql Va .PREFIX , +.Ql Va .ARCHIVE , +and +.Ql Va .MEMBER . +.El +.Ss Additional built-in variables +In addition, +.Nm +sets or knows about the following variables: +.Bl -tag -width .MAKEOVERRIDES +.It Va \&$ +A single dollar sign +.Ql \&$ , +i.e. +.Ql \&$$ +expands to a single dollar +sign. +.It Va .ALLTARGETS +The list of all targets encountered in the Makefile. +If evaluated during +Makefile parsing, lists only those targets encountered thus far. +.It Va .CURDIR +A path to the directory where +.Nm +was executed. +Refer to the description of +.Ql Ev PWD +for more details. +.It Ev MAKE +The name that +.Nm +was executed with +.Pq Va argv[0] . +For compatibility +.Nm +also sets +.Va .MAKE +with the same value. +The preferred variable to use is the environment variable +.Ev MAKE +because it is more compatible with other versions of +.Nm +and cannot be confused with the special target with the same name. +.It Va .MAKE.DEPENDFILE +Names the makefile (default +.Ql Pa .depend ) +from which generated dependencies are read. +.It Va .MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES +A boolean that controls the default behavior of the +.Fl V +option. +.It Va .MAKE.EXPORTED +The list of variables exported by +.Nm . +.It Va .MAKE.JOBS +The argument to the +.Fl j +option. +.It Va .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX +If +.Nm +is run with +.Ar j +then output for each target is prefixed with a token +.Ql --- target --- +the first part of which can be controlled via +.Va .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX . +.br +For example: +.Li .MAKE.JOB.PREFIX=${.newline}---${.MAKE:T}[${.MAKE.PID}] +would produce tokens like +.Ql ---make[1234] target --- +making it easier to track the degree of parallelism being achieved. +.It Ev MAKEFLAGS +The environment variable +.Ql Ev MAKEFLAGS +may contain anything that +may be specified on +.Nm Ns 's +command line. +Anything specified on +.Nm Ns 's +command line is appended to the +.Ql Ev MAKEFLAGS +variable which is then +entered into the environment for all programs which +.Nm +executes. +.It Va .MAKE.LEVEL +The recursion depth of +.Nm . +The initial instance of +.Nm +will be 0, and an incremented value is put into the environment +to be seen by the next generation. +This allows tests like: +.Li .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 +to protect things which should only be evaluated in the initial instance of +.Nm . +.It Va .MAKE.MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE +The ordered list of makefile names +(default +.Ql Pa makefile , +.Ql Pa Makefile ) +that +.Nm +will look for. +.It Va .MAKE.MAKEFILES +The list of makefiles read by +.Nm , +which is useful for tracking dependencies. +Each makefile is recorded only once, regardless of the number of times read. +.It Va .MAKE.MODE +Processed after reading all makefiles. +Can affect the mode that +.Nm +runs in. +It can contain a number of keywords: +.Bl -hang -width ignore-cmd +.It Pa compat +Like +.Fl B , +puts +.Nm +into "compat" mode. +.It Pa meta +Puts +.Nm +into "meta" mode, where meta files are created for each target +to capture the command run, the output generated and if +.Xr filemon 4 +is available, the system calls which are of interest to +.Nm . +The captured output can be very useful when diagnosing errors. +.It Pa curdirOk= Ar bf +Normally +.Nm +will not create .meta files in +.Ql Va .CURDIR . +This can be overridden by setting +.Va bf +to a value which represents True. +.It Pa env +For debugging, it can be useful to inlcude the environment +in the .meta file. +.It Pa verbose +If in "meta" mode, print a clue about the target being built. +This is useful if the build is otherwise running silently. +The message printed the value of: +.Va .MAKE.META.PREFIX . +.It Pa ignore-cmd +Some makefiles have commands which are simply not stable. +This keyword causes them to be ignored for +determining whether a target is out of date in "meta" mode. +See also +.Ic .NOMETA_CMP . +.It Pa silent= Ar bf +If +.Va bf +is True, when a .meta file is created, mark the target +.Ic .SILENT . +.El +.It Va .MAKE.META.BAILIWICK +In "meta" mode, provides a list of prefixes which +match the directories controlled by +.Nm . +If a file that was generated outside of +.Va .OBJDIR +but within said bailiwick is missing, +the current target is considered out-of-date. +.It Va .MAKE.META.CREATED +In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the meta files +updated. +If not empty, it can be used to trigger processing of +.Va .MAKE.META.FILES . +.It Va .MAKE.META.FILES +In "meta" mode, this variable contains a list of all the meta files +used (updated or not). +This list can be used to process the meta files to extract dependency +information. +.It Va .MAKE.META.PREFIX +Defines the message printed for each meta file updated in "meta verbose" mode. +The default value is: +.Dl Building ${.TARGET:H:tA}/${.TARGET:T} +.It Va .MAKEOVERRIDES +This variable is used to record the names of variables assigned to +on the command line, so that they may be exported as part of +.Ql Ev MAKEFLAGS . +This behaviour can be disabled by assigning an empty value to +.Ql Va .MAKEOVERRIDES +within a makefile. +Extra variables can be exported from a makefile +by appending their names to +.Ql Va .MAKEOVERRIDES . +.Ql Ev MAKEFLAGS +is re-exported whenever +.Ql Va .MAKEOVERRIDES +is modified. +.It Va .MAKE.PID +The process-id of +.Nm . +.It Va .MAKE.PPID +The parent process-id of +.Nm . +.It Va MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR +When +.Nm +stops due to an error, it prints its name and the value of +.Ql Va .CURDIR +as well as the value of any variables named in +.Ql Va MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR . +.It Va .newline +This variable is simply assigned a newline character as its value. +This allows expansions using the +.Cm \&:@ +modifier to put a newline between +iterations of the loop rather than a space. +For example, the printing of +.Ql Va MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR +could be done as ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@}. +.It Va .OBJDIR +A path to the directory where the targets are built. +Its value is determined by trying to +.Xr chdir 2 +to the following directories in order and using the first match: +.Bl -enum +.It +.Ev ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}${.CURDIR} +.Pp +(Only if +.Ql Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX +is set in the environment or on the command line.) +.It +.Ev ${MAKEOBJDIR} +.Pp +(Only if +.Ql Ev MAKEOBJDIR +is set in the environment or on the command line.) +.It +.Ev ${.CURDIR} Ns Pa /obj. Ns Ev ${MACHINE} +.It +.Ev ${.CURDIR} Ns Pa /obj +.It +.Pa /usr/obj/ Ns Ev ${.CURDIR} +.It +.Ev ${.CURDIR} +.El +.Pp +Variable expansion is performed on the value before it's used, +so expressions such as +.Dl ${.CURDIR:S,^/usr/src,/var/obj,} +may be used. +This is especially useful with +.Ql Ev MAKEOBJDIR . +.Pp +.Ql Va .OBJDIR +may be modified in the makefile as a global variable. +In all cases, +.Nm +will +.Xr chdir 2 +to +.Ql Va .OBJDIR +and set +.Ql Ev PWD +to that directory before executing any targets. +. +.It Va .PARSEDIR +A path to the directory of the current +.Ql Pa Makefile +being parsed. +.It Va .PARSEFILE +The basename of the current +.Ql Pa Makefile +being parsed. +This variable and +.Ql Va .PARSEDIR +are both set only while the +.Ql Pa Makefiles +are being parsed. +If you want to retain their current values, assign them to a variable +using assignment with expansion: +.Pq Ql Cm \&:= . +.It Va .PATH +A variable that represents the list of directories that +.Nm +will search for files. +The search list should be updated using the target +.Ql Va .PATH +rather than the variable. +.It Ev PWD +Alternate path to the current directory. +.Nm +normally sets +.Ql Va .CURDIR +to the canonical path given by +.Xr getcwd 3 . +However, if the environment variable +.Ql Ev PWD +is set and gives a path to the current directory, then +.Nm +sets +.Ql Va .CURDIR +to the value of +.Ql Ev PWD +instead. +This behaviour is disabled if +.Ql Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX +is set or +.Ql Ev MAKEOBJDIR +contains a variable transform. +.Ql Ev PWD +is set to the value of +.Ql Va .OBJDIR +for all programs which +.Nm +executes. +.It Ev .TARGETS +The list of targets explicitly specified on the command line, if any. +.It Ev VPATH +Colon-separated +.Pq Dq \&: +lists of directories that +.Nm +will search for files. +The variable is supported for compatibility with old make programs only, +use +.Ql Va .PATH +instead. +.El +.Ss Variable modifiers +Variable expansion may be modified to select or modify each word of the +variable (where a +.Dq word +is white-space delimited sequence of characters). +The general format of a variable expansion is as follows: +.Pp +.Dl ${variable[:modifier[:...]]} +.Pp +Each modifier begins with a colon, +which may be escaped with a backslash +.Pq Ql \e . +.Pp +A set of modifiers can be specified via a variable, as follows: +.Pp +.Dl modifier_variable=modifier[:...] +.Dl ${variable:${modifier_variable}[:...]} +.Pp +In this case the first modifier in the modifier_variable does not +start with a colon, since that must appear in the referencing +variable. +If any of the modifiers in the modifier_variable contain a dollar sign +.Pq Ql $ , +these must be doubled to avoid early expansion. +.Pp +The supported modifiers are: +.Bl -tag -width EEE +.It Cm \&:E +Replaces each word in the variable with its suffix. +.It Cm \&:H +Replaces each word in the variable with everything but the last component. +.It Cm \&:M Ns Ar pattern +Select only those words that match +.Ar pattern . +The standard shell wildcard characters +.Pf ( Ql * , +.Ql \&? , +and +.Ql Oo Oc ) +may +be used. +The wildcard characters may be escaped with a backslash +.Pq Ql \e . +.It Cm \&:N Ns Ar pattern +This is identical to +.Ql Cm \&:M , +but selects all words which do not match +.Ar pattern . +.It Cm \&:O +Order every word in variable alphabetically. +To sort words in +reverse order use the +.Ql Cm \&:O:[-1..1] +combination of modifiers. +.It Cm \&:Ox +Randomize words in variable. +The results will be different each time you are referring to the +modified variable; use the assignment with expansion +.Pq Ql Cm \&:= +to prevent such behaviour. +For example, +.Bd -literal -offset indent +LIST= uno due tre quattro +RANDOM_LIST= ${LIST:Ox} +STATIC_RANDOM_LIST:= ${LIST:Ox} + +all: + @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}" + @echo "${RANDOM_LIST}" + @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}" + @echo "${STATIC_RANDOM_LIST}" +.Ed +may produce output similar to: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +quattro due tre uno +tre due quattro uno +due uno quattro tre +due uno quattro tre +.Ed +.It Cm \&:Q +Quotes every shell meta-character in the variable, so that it can be passed +safely through recursive invocations of +.Nm . +.It Cm \&:R +Replaces each word in the variable with everything but its suffix. +.It Cm \&:gmtime +The value is a format string for +.Xr strftime 3 , +using the current +.Xr gmtime 3 . +.It Cm \&:hash +Compute a 32bit hash of the value and encode it as hex digits. +.It Cm \&:localtime +The value is a format string for +.Xr strftime 3 , +using the current +.Xr localtime 3 . +.It Cm \&:tA +Attempt to convert variable to an absolute path using +.Xr realpath 3 , +if that fails, the value is unchanged. +.It Cm \&:tl +Converts variable to lower-case letters. +.It Cm \&:ts Ns Ar c +Words in the variable are normally separated by a space on expansion. +This modifier sets the separator to the character +.Ar c . +If +.Ar c +is omitted, then no separator is used. +The common escapes (including octal numeric codes), work as expected. +.It Cm \&:tu +Converts variable to upper-case letters. +.It Cm \&:tW +Causes the value to be treated as a single word +(possibly containing embedded white space). +See also +.Ql Cm \&:[*] . +.It Cm \&:tw +Causes the value to be treated as a sequence of +words delimited by white space. +See also +.Ql Cm \&:[@] . +.Sm off +.It Cm \&:S No \&/ Ar old_string No \&/ Ar new_string No \&/ Op Cm 1gW +.Sm on +Modify the first occurrence of +.Ar old_string +in the variable's value, replacing it with +.Ar new_string . +If a +.Ql g +is appended to the last slash of the pattern, all occurrences +in each word are replaced. +If a +.Ql 1 +is appended to the last slash of the pattern, only the first word +is affected. +If a +.Ql W +is appended to the last slash of the pattern, +then the value is treated as a single word +(possibly containing embedded white space). +If +.Ar old_string +begins with a caret +.Pq Ql ^ , +.Ar old_string +is anchored at the beginning of each word. +If +.Ar old_string +ends with a dollar sign +.Pq Ql \&$ , +it is anchored at the end of each word. +Inside +.Ar new_string , +an ampersand +.Pq Ql \*[Am] +is replaced by +.Ar old_string +(without any +.Ql ^ +or +.Ql \&$ ) . +Any character may be used as a delimiter for the parts of the modifier +string. +The anchoring, ampersand and delimiter characters may be escaped with a +backslash +.Pq Ql \e . +.Pp +Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both +.Ar old_string +and +.Ar new_string +with the single exception that a backslash is used to prevent the expansion +of a dollar sign +.Pq Ql \&$ , +not a preceding dollar sign as is usual. +.Sm off +.It Cm \&:C No \&/ Ar pattern No \&/ Ar replacement No \&/ Op Cm 1gW +.Sm on +The +.Cm \&:C +modifier is just like the +.Cm \&:S +modifier except that the old and new strings, instead of being +simple strings, are a regular expression (see +.Xr regex 3 ) +string +.Ar pattern +and an +.Xr ed 1 Ns \-style +string +.Ar replacement . +Normally, the first occurrence of the pattern +.Ar pattern +in each word of the value is substituted with +.Ar replacement . +The +.Ql 1 +modifier causes the substitution to apply to at most one word; the +.Ql g +modifier causes the substitution to apply to as many instances of the +search pattern +.Ar pattern +as occur in the word or words it is found in; the +.Ql W +modifier causes the value to be treated as a single word +(possibly containing embedded white space). +Note that +.Ql 1 +and +.Ql g +are orthogonal; the former specifies whether multiple words are +potentially affected, the latter whether multiple substitutions can +potentially occur within each affected word. +.It Cm \&:T +Replaces each word in the variable with its last component. +.It Cm \&:u +Remove adjacent duplicate words (like +.Xr uniq 1 ) . +.Sm off +.It Cm \&:\&? Ar true_string Cm \&: Ar false_string +.Sm on +If the variable name (not its value), when parsed as a .if conditional +expression, evaluates to true, return as its value the +.Ar true_string , +otherwise return the +.Ar false_string . +Since the variable name is used as the expression, \&:\&? must be the +first modifier after the variable name itself - which will, of course, +usually contain variable expansions. +A common error is trying to use expressions like +.Dl ${NUMBERS:M42:?match:no} +which actually tests defined(NUMBERS), +to determine is any words match "42" you need to use something like: +.Dl ${"${NUMBERS:M42}" != \&"\&":?match:no} . +.It Ar :old_string=new_string +This is the +.At V +style variable substitution. +It must be the last modifier specified. +If +.Ar old_string +or +.Ar new_string +do not contain the pattern matching character +.Ar % +then it is assumed that they are +anchored at the end of each word, so only suffixes or entire +words may be replaced. +Otherwise +.Ar % +is the substring of +.Ar old_string +to be replaced in +.Ar new_string . +.Pp +Variable expansion occurs in the normal fashion inside both +.Ar old_string +and +.Ar new_string +with the single exception that a backslash is used to prevent the +expansion of a dollar sign +.Pq Ql \&$ , +not a preceding dollar sign as is usual. +.Sm off +.It Cm \&:@ Ar temp Cm @ Ar string Cm @ +.Sm on +This is the loop expansion mechanism from the OSF Development +Environment (ODE) make. +Unlike +.Cm \&.for +loops expansion occurs at the time of +reference. +Assign +.Ar temp +to each word in the variable and evaluate +.Ar string . +The ODE convention is that +.Ar temp +should start and end with a period. +For example. +.Dl ${LINKS:@.LINK.@${LN} ${TARGET} ${.LINK.}@} +.Pp +However a single character varaiable is often more readable: +.Dl ${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'${.newline}@} +.It Cm \&:U Ns Ar newval +If the variable is undefined +.Ar newval +is the value. +If the variable is defined, the existing value is returned. +This is another ODE make feature. +It is handy for setting per-target CFLAGS for instance: +.Dl ${_${.TARGET:T}_CFLAGS:U${DEF_CFLAGS}} +If a value is only required if the variable is undefined, use: +.Dl ${VAR:D:Unewval} +.It Cm \&:D Ns Ar newval +If the variable is defined +.Ar newval +is the value. +.It Cm \&:L +The name of the variable is the value. +.It Cm \&:P +The path of the node which has the same name as the variable +is the value. +If no such node exists or its path is null, then the +name of the variable is used. +In order for this modifier to work, the name (node) must at least have +appeared on the rhs of a dependency. +.Sm off +.It Cm \&:\&! Ar cmd Cm \&! +.Sm on +The output of running +.Ar cmd +is the value. +.It Cm \&:sh +If the variable is non-empty it is run as a command and the output +becomes the new value. +.It Cm \&::= Ns Ar str +The variable is assigned the value +.Ar str +after substitution. +This modifier and its variations are useful in +obscure situations such as wanting to set a variable when shell commands +are being parsed. +These assignment modifiers always expand to +nothing, so if appearing in a rule line by themselves should be +preceded with something to keep +.Nm +happy. +.Pp +The +.Ql Cm \&:: +helps avoid false matches with the +.At V +style +.Cm \&:= +modifier and since substitution always occurs the +.Cm \&::= +form is vaguely appropriate. +.It Cm \&::?= Ns Ar str +As for +.Cm \&::= +but only if the variable does not already have a value. +.It Cm \&::+= Ns Ar str +Append +.Ar str +to the variable. +.It Cm \&::!= Ns Ar cmd +Assign the output of +.Ar cmd +to the variable. +.It Cm \&:\&[ Ns Ar range Ns Cm \&] +Selects one or more words from the value, +or performs other operations related to the way in which the +value is divided into words. +.Pp +Ordinarily, a value is treated as a sequence of words +delimited by white space. +Some modifiers suppress this behaviour, +causing a value to be treated as a single word +(possibly containing embedded white space). +An empty value, or a value that consists entirely of white-space, +is treated as a single word. +For the purposes of the +.Ql Cm \&:[] +modifier, the words are indexed both forwards using positive integers +(where index 1 represents the first word), +and backwards using negative integers +(where index \-1 represents the last word). +.Pp +The +.Ar range +is subjected to variable expansion, and the expanded result is +then interpreted as follows: +.Bl -tag -width index +.\" :[n] +.It Ar index +Selects a single word from the value. +.\" :[start..end] +.It Ar start Ns Cm \&.. Ns Ar end +Selects all words from +.Ar start +to +.Ar end , +inclusive. +For example, +.Ql Cm \&:[2..-1] +selects all words from the second word to the last word. +If +.Ar start +is greater than +.Ar end , +then the words are output in reverse order. +For example, +.Ql Cm \&:[-1..1] +selects all the words from last to first. +.\" :[*] +.It Cm \&* +Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a single word +(possibly containing embedded white space). +Analogous to the effect of +\&"$*\&" +in Bourne shell. +.\" :[0] +.It 0 +Means the same as +.Ql Cm \&:[*] . +.\" :[*] +.It Cm \&@ +Causes subsequent modifiers to treat the value as a sequence of words +delimited by white space. +Analogous to the effect of +\&"$@\&" +in Bourne shell. +.\" :[#] +.It Cm \&# +Returns the number of words in the value. +.El \" :[range] +.El +.Sh INCLUDE STATEMENTS, CONDITIONALS AND FOR LOOPS +Makefile inclusion, conditional structures and for loops reminiscent +of the C programming language are provided in +.Nm . +All such structures are identified by a line beginning with a single +dot +.Pq Ql \&. +character. +Files are included with either +.Cm \&.include Aq Ar file +or +.Cm \&.include Pf \*q Ar file Ns \*q . +Variables between the angle brackets or double quotes are expanded +to form the file name. +If angle brackets are used, the included makefile is expected to be in +the system makefile directory. +If double quotes are used, the including makefile's directory and any +directories specified using the +.Fl I +option are searched before the system +makefile directory. +For compatibility with other versions of +.Nm +.Ql include file ... +is also accepted. +If the include statement is written as +.Cm .-include +or as +.Cm .sinclude +then errors locating and/or opening include files are ignored. +.Pp +Conditional expressions are also preceded by a single dot as the first +character of a line. +The possible conditionals are as follows: +.Bl -tag -width Ds +.It Ic .error Ar message +The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number, +then +.Nm +will exit. +.It Ic .export Ar variable ... +Export the specified global variable. +If no variable list is provided, all globals are exported +except for internal variables (those that start with +.Ql \&. ) . +This is not affected by the +.Fl X +flag, so should be used with caution. +For compatibility with other +.Nm +programs +.Ql export variable=value +is also accepted. +.Pp +Appending a variable name to +.Va .MAKE.EXPORTED +is equivalent to exporting a variable. +.It Ic .export-env Ar variable ... +The same as +.Ql .export , +except that the variable is not appended to +.Va .MAKE.EXPORTED . +This allows exporting a value to the environment which is different from that +used by +.Nm +internally. +.It Ic .info Ar message +The message is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number. +.It Ic .undef Ar variable +Un-define the specified global variable. +Only global variables may be un-defined. +.It Ic .unexport Ar variable ... +The opposite of +.Ql .export . +The specified global +.Va variable +will be removed from +.Va .MAKE.EXPORTED . +If no variable list is provided, all globals are unexported, +and +.Va .MAKE.EXPORTED +deleted. +.It Ic .unexport-env +Unexport all globals previously exported and +clear the environment inherited from the parent. +This operation will cause a memory leak of the original environment, +so should be used sparingly. +Testing for +.Va .MAKE.LEVEL +being 0, would make sense. +Also note that any variables which originated in the parent environment +should be explicitly preserved if desired. +For example: +.Bd -literal -offset indent +.Li .if ${.MAKE.LEVEL} == 0 +PATH := ${PATH} +.Li .unexport-env +.Li .export PATH +.Li .endif +.Pp +.Ed +Would result in an environment containing only +.Ql Ev PATH , +which is the minimal useful environment. +Actually +.Ql Ev .MAKE.LEVEL +will also be pushed into the new environment. +.It Ic .warning Ar message +The message prefixed by +.Ql Pa warning: +is printed along with the name of the makefile and line number. +.It Ic \&.if Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar expression Op Ar operator expression ... +Test the value of an expression. +.It Ic .ifdef Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable Op Ar operator variable ... +Test the value of a variable. +.It Ic .ifndef Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable Op Ar operator variable ... +Test the value of a variable. +.It Ic .ifmake Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target Op Ar operator target ... +Test the target being built. +.It Ic .ifnmake Oo \&! Ns Oc Ar target Op Ar operator target ... +Test the target being built. +.It Ic .else +Reverse the sense of the last conditional. +.It Ic .elif Oo \&! Ns Oc Ar expression Op Ar operator expression ... +A combination of +.Ql Ic .else +followed by +.Ql Ic .if . +.It Ic .elifdef Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable Op Ar operator variable ... +A combination of +.Ql Ic .else +followed by +.Ql Ic .ifdef . +.It Ic .elifndef Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar variable Op Ar operator variable ... +A combination of +.Ql Ic .else +followed by +.Ql Ic .ifndef . +.It Ic .elifmake Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target Op Ar operator target ... +A combination of +.Ql Ic .else +followed by +.Ql Ic .ifmake . +.It Ic .elifnmake Oo \&! Oc Ns Ar target Op Ar operator target ... +A combination of +.Ql Ic .else +followed by +.Ql Ic .ifnmake . +.It Ic .endif +End the body of the conditional. +.El +.Pp +The +.Ar operator +may be any one of the following: +.Bl -tag -width "Cm XX" +.It Cm \&|\&| +Logical OR. +.It Cm \&\*[Am]\*[Am] +Logical +.Tn AND ; +of higher precedence than +.Dq \&|\&| . +.El +.Pp +As in C, +.Nm +will only evaluate a conditional as far as is necessary to determine +its value. +Parentheses may be used to change the order of evaluation. +The boolean operator +.Ql Ic \&! +may be used to logically negate an entire +conditional. +It is of higher precedence than +.Ql Ic \&\*[Am]\*[Am] . +.Pp +The value of +.Ar expression +may be any of the following: +.Bl -tag -width defined +.It Ic defined +Takes a variable name as an argument and evaluates to true if the variable +has been defined. +.It Ic make +Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target +was specified as part of +.Nm Ns 's +command line or was declared the default target (either implicitly or +explicitly, see +.Va .MAIN ) +before the line containing the conditional. +.It Ic empty +Takes a variable, with possible modifiers, and evaluates to true if +the expansion of the variable would result in an empty string. +.It Ic exists +Takes a file name as an argument and evaluates to true if the file exists. +The file is searched for on the system search path (see +.Va .PATH ) . +.It Ic target +Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target +has been defined. +.It Ic commands +Takes a target name as an argument and evaluates to true if the target +has been defined and has commands associated with it. +.El +.Pp +.Ar Expression +may also be an arithmetic or string comparison. +Variable expansion is +performed on both sides of the comparison, after which the integral +values are compared. +A value is interpreted as hexadecimal if it is +preceded by 0x, otherwise it is decimal; octal numbers are not supported. +The standard C relational operators are all supported. +If after +variable expansion, either the left or right hand side of a +.Ql Ic == +or +.Ql Ic "!=" +operator is not an integral value, then +string comparison is performed between the expanded +variables. +If no relational operator is given, it is assumed that the expanded +variable is being compared against 0 or an empty string in the case +of a string comparison. +.Pp +When +.Nm +is evaluating one of these conditional expressions, and it encounters +a (white-space separated) word it doesn't recognize, either the +.Dq make +or +.Dq defined +expression is applied to it, depending on the form of the conditional. +If the form is +.Ql Ic .ifdef , +.Ql Ic .ifndef , +or +.Ql Ic .if +the +.Dq defined +expression is applied. +Similarly, if the form is +.Ql Ic .ifmake +or +.Ql Ic .ifnmake , the +.Dq make +expression is applied. +.Pp +If the conditional evaluates to true the parsing of the makefile continues +as before. +If it evaluates to false, the following lines are skipped. +In both cases this continues until a +.Ql Ic .else +or +.Ql Ic .endif +is found. +.Pp +For loops are typically used to apply a set of rules to a list of files. +The syntax of a for loop is: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -compact -width Ds +.It Ic \&.for Ar variable Oo Ar variable ... Oc Ic in Ar expression +.It Aq make-rules +.It Ic \&.endfor +.El +.Pp +After the for +.Ic expression +is evaluated, it is split into words. +On each iteration of the loop, one word is taken and assigned to each +.Ic variable , +in order, and these +.Ic variables +are substituted into the +.Ic make-rules +inside the body of the for loop. +The number of words must come out even; that is, if there are three +iteration variables, the number of words provided must be a multiple +of three. +.Sh COMMENTS +Comments begin with a hash +.Pq Ql \&# +character, anywhere but in a shell +command line, and continue to the end of an unescaped new line. +.Sh SPECIAL SOURCES (ATTRIBUTES) +.Bl -tag -width .IGNOREx +.It Ic .EXEC +Target is never out of date, but always execute commands anyway. +.It Ic .IGNORE +Ignore any errors from the commands associated with this target, exactly +as if they all were preceded by a dash +.Pq Ql \- . +.\" .It Ic .INVISIBLE +.\" XXX +.\" .It Ic .JOIN +.\" XXX +.It Ic .MADE +Mark all sources of this target as being up-to-date. +.It Ic .MAKE +Execute the commands associated with this target even if the +.Fl n +or +.Fl t +options were specified. +Normally used to mark recursive +.Nm Ns 's . +.It Ic .META +Create a meta file for the target, even if it is flagged as +.Ic .PHONY , +.Ic .MAKE , +or +.Ic .SPECIAL . +Usage in conjunction with +.Ic .MAKE +is the most likely case. +In "meta" mode, the target is out-of-date if the meta file is missing. +.It Ic .NOMETA +Do not create a meta file for the target. +Meta files are also not created for +.Ic .PHONY , +.Ic .MAKE , +or +.Ic .SPECIAL +targets. +.It Ic .NOMETA_CMP +Ignore differences in commands when deciding if target is out of date. +This is useful if the command contains a value which always changes. +If the number of commands change, though, the target will still be out of date. +.It Ic .NOPATH +Do not search for the target in the directories specified by +.Ic .PATH . +.It Ic .NOTMAIN +Normally +.Nm +selects the first target it encounters as the default target to be built +if no target was specified. +This source prevents this target from being selected. +.It Ic .OPTIONAL +If a target is marked with this attribute and +.Nm +can't figure out how to create it, it will ignore this fact and assume +the file isn't needed or already exists. +.It Ic .PHONY +The target does not +correspond to an actual file; it is always considered to be out of date, +and will not be created with the +.Fl t +option. +Suffix-transformation rules are not applied to +.Ic .PHONY +targets. +.It Ic .PRECIOUS +When +.Nm +is interrupted, it normally removes any partially made targets. +This source prevents the target from being removed. +.It Ic .RECURSIVE +Synonym for +.Ic .MAKE . +.It Ic .SILENT +Do not echo any of the commands associated with this target, exactly +as if they all were preceded by an at sign +.Pq Ql @ . +.It Ic .USE +Turn the target into +.Nm Ns 's +version of a macro. +When the target is used as a source for another target, the other target +acquires the commands, sources, and attributes (except for +.Ic .USE ) +of the +source. +If the target already has commands, the +.Ic .USE +target's commands are appended +to them. +.It Ic .USEBEFORE +Exactly like +.Ic .USE , +but prepend the +.Ic .USEBEFORE +target commands to the target. +.It Ic .WAIT +If +.Ic .WAIT +appears in a dependency line, the sources that precede it are +made before the sources that succeed it in the line. +Since the dependents of files are not made until the file itself +could be made, this also stops the dependents being built unless they +are needed for another branch of the dependency tree. +So given: +.Bd -literal +x: a .WAIT b + echo x +a: + echo a +b: b1 + echo b +b1: + echo b1 + +.Ed +the output is always +.Ql a , +.Ql b1 , +.Ql b , +.Ql x . +.br +The ordering imposed by +.Ic .WAIT +is only relevant for parallel makes. +.El +.Sh SPECIAL TARGETS +Special targets may not be included with other targets, i.e. they must be +the only target specified. +.Bl -tag -width .BEGINx +.It Ic .BEGIN +Any command lines attached to this target are executed before anything +else is done. +.It Ic .DEFAULT +This is sort of a +.Ic .USE +rule for any target (that was used only as a +source) that +.Nm +can't figure out any other way to create. +Only the shell script is used. +The +.Ic .IMPSRC +variable of a target that inherits +.Ic .DEFAULT Ns 's +commands is set +to the target's own name. +.It Ic .END +Any command lines attached to this target are executed after everything +else is done. +.It Ic .ERROR +Any command lines attached to this target are executed when another target fails. +The +.Ic .ERROR_TARGET +variable is set to the target that failed. +See also +.Ic MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR . +.It Ic .IGNORE +Mark each of the sources with the +.Ic .IGNORE +attribute. +If no sources are specified, this is the equivalent of specifying the +.Fl i +option. +.It Ic .INTERRUPT +If +.Nm +is interrupted, the commands for this target will be executed. +.It Ic .MAIN +If no target is specified when +.Nm +is invoked, this target will be built. +.It Ic .MAKEFLAGS +This target provides a way to specify flags for +.Nm +when the makefile is used. +The flags are as if typed to the shell, though the +.Fl f +option will have +no effect. +.\" XXX: NOT YET!!!! +.\" .It Ic .NOTPARALLEL +.\" The named targets are executed in non parallel mode. +.\" If no targets are +.\" specified, then all targets are executed in non parallel mode. +.It Ic .NOPATH +Apply the +.Ic .NOPATH +attribute to any specified sources. +.It Ic .NOTPARALLEL +Disable parallel mode. +.It Ic .NO_PARALLEL +Synonym for +.Ic .NOTPARALLEL , +for compatibility with other pmake variants. +.It Ic .ORDER +The named targets are made in sequence. +This ordering does not add targets to the list of targets to be made. +Since the dependents of a target do not get built until the target itself +could be built, unless +.Ql a +is built by another part of the dependency graph, +the following is a dependency loop: +.Bd -literal +\&.ORDER: b a +b: a +.Ed +.Pp +The ordering imposed by +.Ic .ORDER +is only relevant for parallel makes. +.\" XXX: NOT YET!!!! +.\" .It Ic .PARALLEL +.\" The named targets are executed in parallel mode. +.\" If no targets are +.\" specified, then all targets are executed in parallel mode. +.It Ic .PATH +The sources are directories which are to be searched for files not +found in the current directory. +If no sources are specified, any previously specified directories are +deleted. +If the source is the special +.Ic .DOTLAST +target, then the current working +directory is searched last. +.It Ic .PHONY +Apply the +.Ic .PHONY +attribute to any specified sources. +.It Ic .PRECIOUS +Apply the +.Ic .PRECIOUS +attribute to any specified sources. +If no sources are specified, the +.Ic .PRECIOUS +attribute is applied to every +target in the file. +.It Ic .SHELL +Sets the shell that +.Nm +will use to execute commands. +The sources are a set of +.Ar field=value +pairs. +.Bl -tag -width hasErrCtls +.It Ar name +This is the minimal specification, used to select one of the builtin +shell specs; +.Ar sh , +.Ar ksh , +and +.Ar csh . +.It Ar path +Specifies the path to the shell. +.It Ar hasErrCtl +Indicates whether the shell supports exit on error. +.It Ar check +The command to turn on error checking. +.It Ar ignore +The command to disable error checking. +.It Ar echo +The command to turn on echoing of commands executed. +.It Ar quiet +The command to turn off echoing of commands executed. +.It Ar filter +The output to filter after issuing the +.Ar quiet +command. +It is typically identical to +.Ar quiet . +.It Ar errFlag +The flag to pass the shell to enable error checking. +.It Ar echoFlag +The flag to pass the shell to enable command echoing. +.It Ar newline +The string literal to pass the shell that results in a single newline +character when used outside of any quoting characters. +.El +Example: +.Bd -literal +\&.SHELL: name=ksh path=/bin/ksh hasErrCtl=true \e + check="set \-e" ignore="set +e" \e + echo="set \-v" quiet="set +v" filter="set +v" \e + echoFlag=v errFlag=e newline="'\en'" +.Ed +.It Ic .SILENT +Apply the +.Ic .SILENT +attribute to any specified sources. +If no sources are specified, the +.Ic .SILENT +attribute is applied to every +command in the file. +.It Ic .SUFFIXES +Each source specifies a suffix to +.Nm . +If no sources are specified, any previously specified suffixes are deleted. +It allows the creation of suffix-transformation rules. +.Pp +Example: +.Bd -literal +\&.SUFFIXES: .o +\&.c.o: + cc \-o ${.TARGET} \-c ${.IMPSRC} +.Ed +.El +.Sh ENVIRONMENT +.Nm +uses the following environment variables, if they exist: +.Ev MACHINE , +.Ev MACHINE_ARCH , +.Ev MAKE , +.Ev MAKEFLAGS , +.Ev MAKEOBJDIR , +.Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX , +.Ev MAKESYSPATH , +.Ev PWD , +and +.Ev TMPDIR . +.Pp +.Ev MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX +and +.Ev MAKEOBJDIR +may only be set in the environment or on the command line to +.Nm +and not as makefile variables; +see the description of +.Ql Va .OBJDIR +for more details. +.Sh FILES +.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/mk -compact +.It .depend +list of dependencies +.It Makefile +list of dependencies +.It makefile +list of dependencies +.It sys.mk +system makefile +.It /usr/share/mk +system makefile directory +.El +.Sh COMPATIBILITY +The basic make syntax is compatible between different versions of make, +however the special variables, variable modifiers and conditionals are not. +.Pp +The way that parallel makes are scheduled changed in +.Nx 4.0 +so that .ORDER and .WAIT apply recursively to the dependent nodes. +The algorithms used may change again in the future. +.Pp +The way that .for loop variables are substituted changed after +.Nx 5.0 +so that they still appear to be variable expansions. +In particular this stops them being treated as syntax, and removes some +obscure problems using them in .if statements. +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr mkdep 1 +.Sh HISTORY +A +.Nm +command appeared in +.At v7 . +This +.Nm +implementation is based on Adam De Boor's pmake program which was written +for Sprite at Berkeley. +It was designed to be a parallel distributed make running jobs on different +machines using a daemon called +.Dq customs . +.Sh BUGS +The +.Nm +syntax is difficult to parse without actually acting of the data. +For instance finding the end of a variable use should involve scanning each +the modifiers using the correct terminator for each field. +In many places +.Nm +just counts {} and () in order to find the end of a variable expansion. +.Pp +There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename. |
