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authorru <ru@FreeBSD.org>2004-07-02 23:13:00 +0000
committerru <ru@FreeBSD.org>2004-07-02 23:13:00 +0000
commit6294018a208cf7742b1c021a9b75c26962505571 (patch)
tree502f17eb951b74c914af346cd4dbff252350c082 /usr.sbin/mrouted
parent3f44360851448f8816c22f6b72e8dd5c9924c27f (diff)
downloadFreeBSD-src-6294018a208cf7742b1c021a9b75c26962505571.zip
FreeBSD-src-6294018a208cf7742b1c021a9b75c26962505571.tar.gz
Mechanically kill hard sentence breaks.
Diffstat (limited to 'usr.sbin/mrouted')
-rw-r--r--usr.sbin/mrouted/mrouted.8168
-rw-r--r--usr.sbin/mrouted/mtrace.8135
2 files changed, 202 insertions, 101 deletions
diff --git a/usr.sbin/mrouted/mrouted.8 b/usr.sbin/mrouted/mrouted.8
index ec699ac..1e30a59 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/mrouted/mrouted.8
+++ b/usr.sbin/mrouted/mrouted.8
@@ -42,9 +42,11 @@ routers that do not support IP multicasting,
includes support for
"tunnels", which are virtual point-to-point links between pairs of
multicast routers
-located anywhere in an internet. IP multicast packets are encapsulated for
+located anywhere in an internet.
+IP multicast packets are encapsulated for
transmission through tunnels, so that they look like normal unicast datagrams
-to intervening routers and subnets. The encapsulation
+to intervening routers and subnets.
+The encapsulation
is added on entry to a tunnel, and stripped off
on exit from a tunnel.
The packets are encapsulated using the IP-in-IP protocol
@@ -59,7 +61,8 @@ The tunnelling mechanism allows
.Nm
to establish a virtual internet, for
the purpose of multicasting only, which is independent of the physical
-internet, and which may span multiple Autonomous Systems. This capability
+internet, and which may span multiple Autonomous Systems.
+This capability
is intended for experimental support of internet multicasting only, pending
widespread support for multicast routing by the regular (unicast) routers.
The
@@ -90,12 +93,14 @@ If no
.Fl d
option is given, or if the debug level is specified as 0,
.Nm
-detaches from the invoking terminal. Otherwise, it remains attached to the
+detaches from the invoking terminal.
+Otherwise, it remains attached to the
invoking terminal and responsive to signals from that terminal.
Regardless of the debug level,
.Nm
always writes warning and error messages to the system
-log daemon. The
+log daemon.
+The
.Fl debug-level
argument is a comma-separated list of any of the following:
.Bl -tag -width indent
@@ -106,7 +111,8 @@ Display more information about prunes sent or received.
.It "routing"
Display more information about routing update packets sent or received.
.It "route_detail"
-Display routing updates in excruciating detail. This is generally way too
+Display routing updates in excruciating detail.
+This is generally way too
much information.
.It "neighbors"
Display information about neighbor discovery.
@@ -141,7 +147,8 @@ The
utility automatically configures itself to forward on all multicast-capable
interfaces, i.e., interfaces that have the IFF_MULTICAST flag set (excluding
the loopback "interface"), and it finds other DVMRP routers directly reachable
-via those interfaces. To override the default configuration, or to add
+via those interfaces.
+To override the default configuration, or to add
tunnel links to other multicast routers,
configuration commands may be placed in
.Pa /etc/mrouted.conf
@@ -157,26 +164,35 @@ overall operation or set defaults.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It cache_lifetime Ar secs
Specifies, in seconds, the lifetime of a multicast forwarding cache
-entry in the kernel. Multicast forwarding cache entries in the kernel
+entry in the kernel.
+Multicast forwarding cache entries in the kernel
are checked every
.Ar secs
seconds, and are refreshed if the source is still
-active or deleted if not. Care should be taken when setting this value,
+active or deleted if not.
+Care should be taken when setting this value,
as a low value can keep the kernel cache small at the cost of "thrashing"
the cache for periodic senders, but high values can cause the kernel
-cache to grow unacceptably large. The default is 300 seconds (5 minutes).
+cache to grow unacceptably large.
+The default is 300 seconds (5 minutes).
.It prune_lifetime Ar secs
Specifies, in seconds, the average lifetime of prunes that are sent towards
-parents. The actual lifetimes will be randomized in the range
-[.5\fIsecs\fP,1.5\fIsecs\fP]. The default is 7200 (2 hours). Smaller values
+parents.
+The actual lifetimes will be randomized in the range
+[.5\fIsecs\fP,1.5\fIsecs\fP].
+The default is 7200 (2 hours).
+Smaller values
cause less state to be kept both at this router and the parent, at the
-cost of more frequent broadcasts. However, some routers (e.g.\&
+cost of more frequent broadcasts.
+However, some routers (e.g.\&
.Nm
<3.3
and all currently known versions of cisco's IOS) do not use the
-DVMRP generation ID to determine that a neighbor has rebooted. Prunes
+DVMRP generation ID to determine that a neighbor has rebooted.
+Prunes
sent towards these neighbors should be kept short, in order to shorten
-the time to recover from a reboot. For use in this situation, the
+the time to recover from a reboot.
+For use in this situation, the
prune_lifetime keyword may be specified on an interface as described
below.
.It noflood
@@ -187,9 +203,11 @@ uses a DVMRP optimization to prevent having to keep individual routing tables
for each neighbor; part of this optimization is that
.Nm
assumes that it is the forwarder for each of its attached subnets on
-startup. This can cause duplicates for a short period (approximately
+startup.
+This can cause duplicates for a short period (approximately
one full route report interval), since both the router that just
-started up and the proper forwarder will be forwarding traffic. This
+started up and the proper forwarder will be forwarding traffic.
+This
behavior can be turned off with the noflood keyword;
.Nm
will not assume that it is the forwarder on startup.
@@ -198,7 +216,8 @@ last approximately one full route report interval.
The noflood keyword can also be specified on individual interfaces.
.It rexmit_prunes Ar [on|off]
Default is to retransmit prunes on all point-to-point interfaces
-(including tunnels) but no multi-access interfaces. This option
+(including tunnels) but no multi-access interfaces.
+This option
may be used to make the default on (or off) for all interfaces.
The rexmit_prunes keyword can also be specified on individual interfaces.
.It name Ar "boundary-name scoped-addr/mask-len"
@@ -215,26 +234,30 @@ be empty, describes options that apply to physical interfaces.
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It phyint Ar "local-addr|ifname"
The phyint command does nothing by itself; it is simply a place holder
-which interface-specific commands may follow. An interface address or
+which interface-specific commands may follow.
+An interface address or
name may be specified.
.It disable
-Disables multicast forwarding on this interface. By default,
+Disables multicast forwarding on this interface.
+By default,
.Nm
discovers all locally attached multicast capable interfaces and forwards
on all of them.
.It netmask Ar netmask
If the kernel's netmask does not accurately reflect
-the subnet (e.g. you're using proxy-ARP in lieu of IP subnetting), use the
+the subnet (e.g.\& you're using proxy-ARP in lieu of IP subnetting), use the
netmask command to describe the real netmask.
.It altnet Ar network/mask-len
If a phyint is attached to multiple IP subnets, describe each additional subnet
-with the altnet keyword. This command may be specified multiple times
+with the altnet keyword.
+This command may be specified multiple times
to describe multiple subnets.
.It igmpv1
If there are any IGMPv1 routers on the phyint, use the \fBigmpv1\fP
keyword to force
.Nm
-into IGMPv1 mode. All routers on the phyint
+into IGMPv1 mode.
+All routers on the phyint
must use the same version of IGMP.
.It force_leaf
Force
@@ -268,11 +291,13 @@ A tunnel must be configured on both routers before it can be used.
Be careful that the unicast route to the remote address goes out the
interface specified by the
.Ar "local-addr|ifname"
-argument. Some UNIX
+argument.
+Some UNIX
kernels rewrite the source address of
.Nm Ns 's
packets on their way out to contain the address of the transmission
-interface. This is best assured via a static host route.
+interface.
+This is best assured via a static host route.
.El
.Pp
The common vif commands described below
@@ -281,19 +306,25 @@ may all be used on tunnels or phyints.
.It metric Ar m
The metric is the "cost" associated with receiving a datagram on the given
interface or tunnel; it may be used to influence the choice of routes.
-The metric defaults to 1. Metrics should be kept as small as possible,
+The metric defaults to 1.
+Metrics should be kept as small as possible,
because DVMRP cannot route along paths with a sum of metrics greater
than 31.
.It advert_metric Ar m
The advert_metric is the "cost" associated with sending a datagram
on the given interface or tunnel; it may be used to influence the choice
-of routes. The advert_metric defaults to 0. Note that the effective
+of routes.
+The advert_metric defaults to 0.
+Note that the effective
metric of a link is one end's metric plus the other end's advert_metric.
.It threshold Ar t
The threshold is the minimum IP time-to-live required for a multicast datagram
-to be forwarded to the given interface or tunnel. It is used to control the
-scope of multicast datagrams. (The TTL of forwarded packets is only compared
-to the threshold, it is not decremented by the threshold. Every multicast
+to be forwarded to the given interface or tunnel.
+It is used to control the
+scope of multicast datagrams.
+(The TTL of forwarded packets is only compared
+to the threshold, it is not decremented by the threshold.
+Every multicast
router decrements the TTL by exactly 1.) The default threshold is 1.
.Pp
In general, all multicast routers
@@ -302,21 +333,26 @@ use the same metric and threshold for that subnet or tunnel.
.It rate_limit Ar r
The rate_limit option allows the network administrator to specify a
certain bandwidth in Kbits/second which would be allocated to multicast
-traffic. It defaults 0 (unlimited).
+traffic.
+It defaults 0 (unlimited).
.It boundary Ar "boundary-name|scoped-addr/mask-len"
The boundary option allows an interface
to be configured as an administrative boundary for the specified
scoped address.
Packets belonging to this address will not
-be forwarded on a scoped interface. The boundary option accepts either
-a name or a boundary spec. This command may be specified several times
+be forwarded on a scoped interface.
+The boundary option accepts either
+a name or a boundary spec.
+This command may be specified several times
on an interface in order to describe multiple boundaries.
.It passive
No packets will be sent on this link or tunnel until we hear from the other
-end. This is useful for the "server" end of a tunnel that goes over
+end.
+This is useful for the "server" end of a tunnel that goes over
a dial-on-demand link; configure the "server" end as passive and
it will not send its periodic probes until it hears one from the other
-side, so will not keep the link up. If this option is specified on both
+side, so will not keep the link up.
+If this option is specified on both
ends of a tunnel, the tunnel will never come up.
.It noflood
As described above, but only applicable to this interface/tunnel.
@@ -331,18 +367,21 @@ multi-access links.
By default,
.Nm
refuses to peer with DVMRP neighbors that
-do not claim to support pruning. This option allows such peerings
+do not claim to support pruning.
+This option allows such peerings
on this interface.
.It notransit
A specialized case of route filtering; no route learned from an interface
marked "notransit" will be advertised on another interface marked
-"notransit". Marking only a single interface "notransit" has no meaning.
+"notransit".
+Marking only a single interface "notransit" has no meaning.
.It accept|deny Ar "(route/mask-len [exact])+" Op bidir
The
.Li accept
and
.Li deny
-commands allow rudimentary route filtering. The
+commands allow rudimentary route filtering.
+The
.Li accept
command causes
.Nm
@@ -361,14 +400,17 @@ The list of routes follows the
.Li accept
or
.Li deny
-keyword. If the keyword
+keyword.
+If the keyword
.Ar exact
follows a route, then only that route is matched; otherwise, that route
-and any more specific route is matched. For example,
+and any more specific route is matched.
+For example,
.Li deny 0/0
denys all routes, while
.Li deny 0/0 exact
-denys only the default route. The default route may also be specified
+denys only the default route.
+The default route may also be specified
with the
.Li default
keyword.
@@ -376,13 +418,15 @@ keyword.
The
.Ar bidir
keyword enables bidirectional route filtering; the filter will be applied
-to routes on both output and input. Without the
+to routes on both output and input.
+Without the
.Ar bidir
keyword,
.Li accept
and
.Li deny
-filters are only applied on input. Poison reverse routes are never
+filters are only applied on input.
+Poison reverse routes are never
filtered out.
.El
.Pp
@@ -390,11 +434,12 @@ The
.Nm
utility will not initiate execution if it has fewer than two enabled vifs,
where a vif (virtual interface) is either a physical multicast-capable
-interface or a tunnel. It will log a warning if all of its vifs are
+interface or a tunnel.
+It will log a warning if all of its vifs are
tunnels; such an
.Nm
configuration would be better replaced by more
-direct tunnels (i.e. eliminate the middle man).
+direct tunnels (i.e., eliminate the middle man).
.Sh "EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION"
This is an example configuration for a mythical multicast router at a big
school.
@@ -503,8 +548,11 @@ Multicast Routing Table (1136 entries)
.Ed
.Pp
In this example, there are four vifs connecting to two subnets and two
-tunnels. The vif 3 tunnel is not in use (no peer address). The vif 0 and
-vif 1 subnets have some groups present; tunnels never have any groups. This
+tunnels.
+The vif 3 tunnel is not in use (no peer address).
+The vif 0 and
+vif 1 subnets have some groups present; tunnels never have any groups.
+This
instance of
.Nm
is the one responsible for sending periodic group
@@ -512,14 +560,16 @@ membership queries on the vif 0 and vif 1 subnets, as indicated by the
"querier" flags.
The list of boundaries indicate the scoped addresses on that
interface.
-A count of the no. of incoming and outgoing packets is also
+A count of the no.
+of incoming and outgoing packets is also
shown at each interface.
.Pp
Associated with each subnet from which a multicast datagram can originate
is the address of the previous hop router (unless the subnet is directly-
connected), the metric of the path back to the origin, the amount of time
since we last received an update for this subnet, the incoming vif for
-multicasts from that origin, and a list of outgoing vifs. "*" means that
+multicasts from that origin, and a list of outgoing vifs.
+"*" means that
the outgoing vif is connected to a leaf of the broadcast tree rooted at the
origin, and a multicast datagram from that origin will be forwarded on that
outgoing vif only if there are members of the destination group on that leaf.
@@ -551,17 +601,21 @@ Each entry is characterized by the origin subnet number and mask and the
destination multicast group.
.Pp
The 'CTmr' field indicates the lifetime
-of the entry. The entry is deleted from the cache table
+of the entry.
+The entry is deleted from the cache table
(or refreshed, if traffic is flowing)
-when the timer decrements to zero. The 'Age' field is the time since
-this cache entry was originally created. Since cache entries get refreshed
+when the timer decrements to zero.
+The 'Age' field is the time since
+this cache entry was originally created.
+Since cache entries get refreshed
if traffic is flowing, routing entries can grow very old.
.Pp
The 'Ptmr' field is simply a dash if no prune was sent upstream, or the
amount of time until the upstream prune will time out.
.Pp
The 'Ivif' field indicates the
-incoming vif for multicast packets from that origin. Each router also
+incoming vif for multicast packets from that origin.
+Each router also
maintains a record of the number of prunes received from neighboring
routers for a particular source and group.
If there are no members of
@@ -578,11 +632,12 @@ that interface.
An unlisted interface is a leaf subnet with no
members of the particular group on that subnet.
A "b" on an interface
-indicates that it is a boundary interface, i.e. traffic will not be
+indicates that it is a boundary interface, i.e., traffic will not be
forwarded on the scoped address on that interface.
.Pp
An additional line with a ">" as the first character is printed for
-each source on the subnet. Note that there can be many sources in
+each source on the subnet.
+Note that there can be many sources in
one subnet.
An additional line with a "<" as the first character is printed
describing any prunes received from downstream dependent neighbors
@@ -600,7 +655,8 @@ for this subnet and group.
.Xr mtrace 8
.Pp
DVMRP is described, along with other multicast routing algorithms, in the
-paper "Multicast Routing in Internetworks and Extended LANs" by S. Deering,
+paper "Multicast Routing in Internetworks and Extended LANs" by
+.An S. Deering ,
in the Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM '88 Conference.
.Sh AUTHORS
.An Steve Deering ,
diff --git a/usr.sbin/mrouted/mtrace.8 b/usr.sbin/mrouted/mtrace.8
index 44d99d5..6226aa1 100644
--- a/usr.sbin/mrouted/mtrace.8
+++ b/usr.sbin/mrouted/mtrace.8
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ can be difficult.
The
.Nm
utility utilizes a tracing feature implemented in multicast routers that is
-accessed via an extension to the IGMP protocol. A trace query is
+accessed via an extension to the IGMP protocol.
+A trace query is
passed hop-by-hop along the reverse path from the
.Ar receiver
to the
@@ -77,15 +78,18 @@ along the path, and then the response is returned to the requestor.
.Pp
The only required parameter is the
.Ar source
-host name or address. The default
+host name or address.
+The default
.Ar receiver
is the host running mtrace, and the default
.Ar group
is 0.0.0.0, which is sufficient if packet loss
-statistics for a particular multicast group are not needed. These two
+statistics for a particular multicast group are not needed.
+These two
optional parameters may be specified to test the path to some other
receiver in a particular group, subject to some constraints as
-detailed below. The two parameters can be distinguished because the
+detailed below.
+The two parameters can be distinguished because the
.Ar receiver
is a unicast address and the
.Ar group
@@ -97,7 +101,8 @@ flag is specified, the source address defaults to the host running
and the receiver defaults to the router being addressed with
the
.Fl g
-flag. In this case, there are no required parameters.
+flag.
+In this case, there are no required parameters.
.Pp
NOTE: For Solaris 2.4/2.5, if the multicast interface is not the default
interface, the
@@ -127,7 +132,8 @@ unicast packet and
.Nm mrouted
has no route for the
.Ar source
-address. Therefore, do not use the
+address.
+Therefore, do not use the
.Fl g
option unless the target
.Nm mrouted
@@ -170,11 +176,13 @@ multicast traceroutes with IP options, so it may be necessary to use the
flag if the last-hop router is a Cisco.
.It Fl p
Listen passively for multicast responses from traces initiated by
-others. This works best when run on a multicast router.
+others.
+This works best when run on a multicast router.
.It Fl P
Loop indefinitely collecting the path every 10 seconds (see
.Fl S Ar stat_int )
-and printing it when it changes. Do not print any statistics.
+and printing it when it changes.
+Do not print any statistics.
.It Fl r Ar host
Send the trace response to
.Ar host
@@ -193,7 +201,8 @@ seconds (default 10 seconds).
Set the
.Ar ttl
(time-to-live, or number of hops) for multicast trace queries and
-responses. The default is 127, except for local queries to the "all
+responses.
+The default is 127, except for local queries to the "all
routers" multicast group which use ttl 1.
.It Fl T
"Tunnel statistics" mode; show loss rates for overall traffic.
@@ -228,7 +237,8 @@ to the
A trace query packet is sent to the last
hop multicast router (the leaf router for the desired
.Ar receiver
-address). The last hop router builds a trace response packet, fills in
+address).
+The last hop router builds a trace response packet, fills in
a report for its hop, and forwards the trace packet using unicast to
the router it believes is the previous hop for packets originating
from the specified
@@ -241,9 +251,11 @@ the trace query.
.Pp
If some multicast router along the path does not implement the
multicast traceroute feature or if there is some outage, then no
-response will be returned. To solve this problem, the trace query
+response will be returned.
+To solve this problem, the trace query
includes a maximum hop count field to limit the number of hops traced
-before the response is returned. That allows a partial path to be
+before the response is returned.
+That allows a partial path to be
traced.
.Pp
The reports inserted by each router contain not only the address of
@@ -264,12 +276,15 @@ to the
.Ar receiver .
If the receiver is on the local subnet (as determined using the subnet
mask), then the default method is to multicast the trace query to
-all-routers.mcast.net (224.0.0.2) with a ttl of 1. Otherwise, the
+all-routers.mcast.net (224.0.0.2) with a ttl of 1.
+Otherwise, the
trace query is multicast to the
.Ar group
address since the last hop router will be a member of that group if
-the receiver is. Therefore it is necessary to specify a group that
-the intended receiver has joined. This multicast is sent with a
+the receiver is.
+Therefore it is necessary to specify a group that
+the intended receiver has joined.
+This multicast is sent with a
default ttl of 127, which may not be sufficient for all cases (changed
with the
.Fl t
@@ -277,7 +292,8 @@ option).
If the last hop router is known, it may also be addressed directly
using the
.Fl g
-option). Alternatively, if it is desired to trace a group that the
+option).
+Alternatively, if it is desired to trace a group that the
receiver has not joined, but it is known that the last-hop router is a
member of another group, the
.Fl g
@@ -295,21 +311,26 @@ By default,
first attempts to trace the full reverse path, unless the number of
hops to trace is explicitly set with the
.Fl m
-option. If there is no response within a 3 second timeout interval
+option.
+If there is no response within a 3 second timeout interval
(changed with the
.Fl w
option), a "*" is printed and the probing switches to hop-by-hop mode.
Trace queries are issued starting with a maximum hop count of one and
increasing by one until the full path is traced or no response is
-received. At each hop, multiple probes are sent (default is three,
+received.
+At each hop, multiple probes are sent (default is three,
changed with
.Fl q
-option). The first half of the attempts (default is two) are made with
+option).
+The first half of the attempts (default is two) are made with
the reply address set to standard multicast address, mtrace.mcast.net
(224.0.1.32) with the ttl set to 32 more than what's needed to pass the
-thresholds seen so far along the path to the receiver. For each
+thresholds seen so far along the path to the receiver.
+For each
additional attempt, the ttl is increased by another 32 each time up to
-a maximum of 192. Since the desired router may not be able to send a
+a maximum of 192.
+Since the desired router may not be able to send a
multicast reply, the remainder of the attempts request that the
response be sent via unicast to the host running
.Nm .
@@ -324,8 +345,10 @@ instead with the
option, or if you specify
.Fl UM ,
.Nm
-will first attempt using unicast and then multicast. For each attempt,
-if no response is received within the timeout, a "*" is printed. After
+will first attempt using unicast and then multicast.
+For each attempt,
+if no response is received within the timeout, a "*" is printed.
+After
the specified number of attempts have failed,
.Nm
will try to query the next hop router with a DVMRP_ASK_NEIGHBORS2
@@ -342,7 +365,8 @@ forwarding the request on.
.Sh EXAMPLES
The output of
.Nm
-is in two sections. The first section is a short listing of the hops
+is in two sections.
+The first section is a short listing of the hops
in the order they are queried, that is, in the reverse of the order
from the
.Ar source
@@ -353,11 +377,13 @@ negatively to indicate that this is the reverse path); the multicast
routing protocol (DVMRP, MOSPF, PIM, etc.); the threshold required to
forward data (to the previous hop in the listing as indicated by the
up-arrow character); and the cumulative delay for the query to reach
-that hop (valid only if the clocks are synchronized). This first
+that hop (valid only if the clocks are synchronized).
+This first
section ends with a line showing the round-trip time which measures
the interval from when the query is issued until the response is
received, both derived from the local system clock, and the total
-ttl required for a packet to travel along this path. A sample use and
+ttl required for a packet to travel along this path.
+A sample use and
output might be:
.Pp
.Bd -literal
@@ -377,7 +403,8 @@ Round trip time 124 ms; total ttl of 6 required.
If a hop reports that it is using the default route to forward packets,
the word
.Em [default]
-is printed after that hop. If the
+is printed after that hop.
+If the
.Fl v
flag is supplied, the route being used to forward packets is printed
in the form
@@ -385,7 +412,8 @@ in the form
.Pp
The second section provides a pictorial view of the path in the
forward direction with data flow indicated by arrows pointing downward
-and the query path indicated by arrows pointing upward. For each hop,
+and the query path indicated by arrows pointing upward.
+For each hop,
both the entry and exit addresses of the router are shown if
different, along with the initial ttl required on the packet in order
to be forwarded at this hop and the propagation delay across the hop
@@ -395,11 +423,14 @@ The first column contains the average packet rate for all traffic at
each hop.
The remaining columns are the
number of packets lost, the number of packets sent, the percentage
-lost, and the average packet rate at each hop. These statistics are
+lost, and the average packet rate at each hop.
+These statistics are
calculated from differences between traces and from hop to hop as
-explained above. The first group shows the statistics for all traffic
+explained above.
+The first group shows the statistics for all traffic
flowing out the interface at one hop and in the interface at the next
-hop. The second group shows the statistics only for traffic forwarded
+hop.
+The second group shows the statistics only for traffic forwarded
from the specified
.Ar source
to the specified
@@ -407,20 +438,26 @@ to the specified
The first group of statistics may be expanded to include loss rates
using the
.Fl T
-option. However, these numbers can be extremely misleading and require
+option.
+However, these numbers can be extremely misleading and require
detailed knowledge of the routers involved to be interpreted properly.
.Pp
-These statistics are shown on one or two lines for each hop. Without
+These statistics are shown on one or two lines for each hop.
+Without
any options, this second section of the output is printed only once,
-approximately 10 seconds after the initial trace. One line is shown
-for each hop showing the statistics over that 10-second period. If
+approximately 10 seconds after the initial trace.
+One line is shown
+for each hop showing the statistics over that 10-second period.
+If
the
.Fl l
option is given, the second section is repeated every 10 seconds and
-two lines are shown for each hop. The first line shows the statistics
+two lines are shown for each hop.
+The first line shows the statistics
for the last 10 seconds, and the second line shows the cumulative
statistics over the period since the initial trace, which is 101
-seconds in the example below. The second section of the output is
+seconds in the example below.
+The second section of the output is
omitted if the
.Fl s
option is set or if no multicast group is specified.
@@ -458,39 +495,47 @@ Waiting to accumulate statistics... Results after 101 seconds:
.Pp
Because the packet counts may be changing as the trace query is
propagating, there may be small errors (off by 1 or 2) in these
-statistics. However, those errors should not accumulate, so the
+statistics.
+However, those errors should not accumulate, so the
cumulative statistics line should increase in accuracy as a new trace
-is run every 10 seconds. There are two sources of larger errors, both
+is run every 10 seconds.
+There are two sources of larger errors, both
of which show up as negative losses:
.Pp
If the input to a node is from a multi-access network with more than
one other node attached, then the input count will be (close to) the
sum of the output counts from all the attached nodes, but the output
count from the previous hop on the traced path will be only part of
-that. Hence the output count minus the input count will be negative.
+that.
+Hence the output count minus the input count will be negative.
.Pp
In release 3.3 of the DVMRP multicast forwarding software for SunOS
and other systems, a multicast packet generated on a router will be
-counted as having come in an interface even though it did not. This
+counted as having come in an interface even though it did not.
+This
creates the negative loss that can be seen in the example above.
.Pp
Note that these negative losses may mask positive losses.
.Pp
-In the example, there is also one negative hop time. This simply
+In the example, there is also one negative hop time.
+This simply
indicates a lack of synchronization between the system clocks across
-that hop. This example also illustrates how the percentage loss is
+that hop.
+This example also illustrates how the percentage loss is
shown as two dashes when the number of packets sent is less than 10
because the percentage would not be statistically valid.
.Pp
A second example shows a trace to a receiver that is not local; the
query is sent to the last-hop router with the
.Fl g
-option. In this example, the trace of the full reverse path resulted
+option.
+In this example, the trace of the full reverse path resulted
in no response because there was a node running an old version of
.Nm mrouted
that did not implement the multicast traceroute function, so
.Nm
-switched to hop-by-hop mode. The
+switched to hop-by-hop mode.
+The
.Dq Output pruned
error code
indicates that traffic for group 224.2.143.24 would not be forwarded.
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