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authorru <ru@FreeBSD.org>2005-06-25 08:59:05 +0000
committerru <ru@FreeBSD.org>2005-06-25 08:59:05 +0000
commit9371e8fe47178bc5d6e6042cadb37434c5e2337c (patch)
tree43d26c7ed7085f0516bc4a0f8335a511f755e9c6 /share
parentbc106ee1b4e6aaa452faa84b5450a2c7e4dc2dbf (diff)
downloadFreeBSD-src-9371e8fe47178bc5d6e6042cadb37434c5e2337c.zip
FreeBSD-src-9371e8fe47178bc5d6e6042cadb37434c5e2337c.tar.gz
Overhaul the markup.
OK'ed by: imp Approved by: re (blanket)
Diffstat (limited to 'share')
-rw-r--r--share/man/man9/bus_space.9997
1 files changed, 559 insertions, 438 deletions
diff --git a/share/man/man9/bus_space.9 b/share/man/man9/bus_space.9
index 3b61c54..c51a6f8 100644
--- a/share/man/man9/bus_space.9
+++ b/share/man/man9/bus_space.9
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
.\" $NetBSD: bus_space.9,v 1.9 1999/03/06 22:09:29 mycroft Exp $
-.\" $FreeBSD$
+.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2005 M. Warner Losh. All Rights Reserved.
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 1997 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
.\" All rights reserved.
-.\"
+.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
.\" by Christopher G. Demetriou.
-.\"
+.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
.\" 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
.\" contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
.\" from this software without specific prior written permission.
-.\"
+.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@
.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
+.\" $FreeBSD$
+.\"
.Dd June 13, 2005
.Dt BUS_SPACE 9
.Os
@@ -102,18 +104,23 @@
.Nm bus_space_write_region_2 ,
.Nm bus_space_write_region_4 ,
.Nm bus_space_write_region_8
-.Nd bus space manipulation functions
+.Nd "bus space manipulation functions"
.Sh SYNOPSIS
-.Fd #include <machine/bus.h>
+.In machine/bus.h
.Ft int
-.Fn bus_space_map "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_addr_t address" \
-"bus_size_t size" "int flags" "bus_space_handle_t *handlep"
+.Fo bus_space_map
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_addr_t address"
+.Fa "bus_size_t size" "int flags" "bus_space_handle_t *handlep"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_unmap "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t size"
+.Fo bus_space_unmap
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t size"
+.Fc
.Ft int
-.Fn bus_space_subregion "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset" "bus_size_t size" "bus_space_handle_t *nhandlep"
+.Fo bus_space_subregion
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle"
+.Fa "bus_size_t offset" "bus_size_t size" "bus_space_handle_t *nhandlep"
+.Fc
.Ft int
.Fo bus_space_alloc
.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_addr_t reg_start" "bus_addr_t reg_end"
@@ -121,167 +128,240 @@
.Fa "int flags" "bus_addr_t *addrp" "bus_space_handle_t *handlep"
.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_free "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t size"
+.Fo bus_space_free
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t size"
+.Fc
.Ft u_int8_t
-.Fn bus_space_read_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset"
+.Fo bus_space_read_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset"
+.Fc
.Ft u_int16_t
-.Fn bus_space_read_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset"
+.Fo bus_space_read_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset"
+.Fc
.Ft u_int32_t
-.Fn bus_space_read_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset"
+.Fo bus_space_read_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset"
+.Fc
.Ft u_int64_t
-.Fn bus_space_read_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset"
+.Fo bus_space_read_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t value"
+.Fo bus_space_write_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle"
+.Fa "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t value"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t value"
+.Fo bus_space_write_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle"
+.Fa "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t value"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t value"
+.Fo bus_space_write_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle"
+.Fa "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t value"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t value"
+.Fo bus_space_write_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle"
+.Fa "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t value"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_barrier "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle" \
-"bus_size_t offset" "bus_size_t length" "int flags"
+.Fo bus_space_barrier
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space" "bus_space_handle_t handle"
+.Fa "bus_size_t offset" "bus_size_t length" "int flags"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_read_region_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_read_region_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_read_region_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_read_region_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_read_region_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_read_region_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_read_region_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_read_region_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_region_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_write_region_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_region_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_write_region_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_region_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_write_region_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_region_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_write_region_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_copy_region_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t srchandle" "bus_size_t srcoffset" \
-"bus_space_handle_t dsthandle" "bus_size_t dstoffset" "bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_copy_region_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t srchandle" "bus_size_t srcoffset"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t dsthandle" "bus_size_t dstoffset" "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_copy_region_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t srchandle" "bus_size_t srcoffset" \
-"bus_space_handle_t dsthandle" "bus_size_t dstoffset" "bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_copy_region_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t srchandle" "bus_size_t srcoffset"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t dsthandle" "bus_size_t dstoffset" "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_copy_region_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t srchandle" "bus_size_t srcoffset" \
-"bus_space_handle_t dsthandle" "bus_size_t dstoffset" "bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_copy_region_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t srchandle" "bus_size_t srcoffset"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t dsthandle" "bus_size_t dstoffset" "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_copy_region_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t srchandle" "bus_size_t srcoffset" \
-"bus_space_handle_t dsthandle" "bus_size_t dstoffset" "bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_copy_region_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t srchandle" "bus_size_t srcoffset"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t dsthandle" "bus_size_t dstoffset" "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_set_region_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t value" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_set_region_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t value"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_set_region_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t value" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_set_region_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t value"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_set_region_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t value" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_set_region_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t value"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_set_region_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t value" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_set_region_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t value"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_read_multi_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_read_multi_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_read_multi_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_read_multi_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_read_multi_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_read_multi_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_read_multi_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_read_multi_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_multi_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_write_multi_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_multi_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_write_multi_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_multi_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_write_multi_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_write_multi_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t *datap" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_write_multi_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t *datap"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_set_multi_1 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t value" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_set_multi_1
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int8_t value"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_set_multi_2 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t value" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_set_multi_2
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int16_t value"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_set_multi_4 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t value" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_set_multi_4
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int32_t value"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Ft void
-.Fn bus_space_set_multi_8 "bus_space_tag_t space" \
-"bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t value" \
-"bus_size_t count"
+.Fo bus_space_set_multi_8
+.Fa "bus_space_tag_t space"
+.Fa "bus_space_handle_t handle" "bus_size_t offset" "u_int64_t value"
+.Fa "bus_size_t count"
+.Fc
.Sh DESCRIPTION
-.Pp
The
.Nm
functions exist to allow device drivers
-machine-independent access to bus memory and register areas. All of the
+machine-independent access to bus memory and register areas.
+All of the
functions and types described in this document can be used by including
-the
-.Pa Aq machine/bus.h
+the
+.In machine/bus.h
header file.
.Pp
Many common devices are used on multiple architectures, but are accessed
differently on each because of architectural constraints.
-For instance, a device which is mapped in one systems's I/O space may be
-mapped in memory space on a second system. On a third system, architectural
-limitations might change the way registers need to be accessed (e.g.
+For instance, a device which is mapped in one system's I/O space may be
+mapped in memory space on a second system.
+On a third system, architectural
+limitations might change the way registers need to be accessed (e.g.\&
creating a non-linear register space).
In some cases, a single
driver may need to access the same type of device in multiple ways in a
-single system or architecture. The goal of the
+single system or architecture.
+The goal of the
.Nm
functions is to allow a single driver source file to manipulate a set
of devices on different system architectures, and to allow a single driver
@@ -290,35 +370,43 @@ single architecture.
.Pp
Not all busses have to implement all functions described in this
document, though that is encouraged if the operations are logically
-supported by the bus. Unimplemented functions should cause
+supported by the bus.
+Unimplemented functions should cause
compile-time errors if possible.
.Pp
All of the interface definitions described in this document are shown as
function prototypes and discussed as if they were required to be
-functions. Implementations are encouraged to implement prototyped
+functions.
+Implementations are encouraged to implement prototyped
(type-checked) versions of these interfaces, but may implement them as
-macros if appropriate. Machine-dependent types, variables, and functions
+macros if appropriate.
+Machine-dependent types, variables, and functions
should be marked clearly in
-.Pa Aq machine/bus.h
+.In machine/bus.h
to avoid confusion with the
machine-independent types and functions, and, if possible, should be
given names which make the machine-dependence clear.
.Sh CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES
-.Pp
Bus spaces are described by bus space tags, which can be created only by
-machine-dependent code. A given machine may have several different types
-of bus space (e.g. memory space and I/O space), and thus may provide
+machine-dependent code.
+A given machine may have several different types
+of bus space (e.g.\& memory space and I/O space), and thus may provide
multiple different bus space tags.
Individual busses or devices on a machine may use more than one bus space
-tag. For instance, ISA devices are
-given an ISA memory space tag and an ISA I/O space tag. Architectures
+tag.
+For instance, ISA devices are
+given an ISA memory space tag and an ISA I/O space tag.
+Architectures
may have several different tags which represent the same type of
space, for instance because of multiple different host bus interface
chipsets.
.Pp
-A range in bus space is described by a bus address and a bus size. The
-bus address describes the start of the range in bus space. The bus
-size describes the size of the range in bytes. Busses which are not byte
+A range in bus space is described by a bus address and a bus size.
+The
+bus address describes the start of the range in bus space.
+The bus
+size describes the size of the range in bytes.
+Busses which are not byte
addressable may require use of bus space ranges with appropriately
aligned addresses and properly rounded sizes.
.Pp
@@ -334,146 +422,157 @@ argument, at least one handle argument, and at least one offset argument
(a bus size).
The bus space tag specifies the space, each handle specifies a region in
the space, and each offset specifies the offset into the region of the
-actual location(s) to be accessed. Offsets are given in bytes, though busses
-may impose alignment constraints. The offset used to access data
+actual location(s) to be accessed.
+Offsets are given in bytes, though busses
+may impose alignment constraints.
+The offset used to access data
relative to a given handle must be such that all of the data being
-accessed is in the mapped region that the handle describes. Trying to
+accessed is in the mapped region that the handle describes.
+Trying to
access data outside that region is an error.
.Pp
Because some architectures' memory systems use buffering to improve
memory and device access performance, there is a mechanism which can be
used to create
.Dq barriers
-in the bus space read and write stream. There
-are three types of barriers: read, write, and read/write. All reads
+in the bus space read and write stream.
+There
+are three types of barriers: read, write, and read/write.
+All reads
started to the region before a read barrier must complete before any reads
-after the read barrier are started. (The analogous requirement is true for
-write barriers.) Read/write barriers force all reads and writes started
+after the read barrier are started.
+(The analogous requirement is true for
+write barriers.)
+Read/write barriers force all reads and writes started
before the barrier to complete before any reads or writes after the
-barrier are started. Correctly-written drivers will include all
+barrier are started.
+Correctly-written drivers will include all
appropriate barriers, and assume only the read/write ordering imposed by
the barrier operations.
.Pp
People trying to write portable drivers with the
.Nm
functions should
-try to make minimal assumptions about what the system allows. In particular,
+try to make minimal assumptions about what the system allows.
+In particular,
they should expect that the system requires bus space addresses being
-accessed to be naturally aligned (i.e. base address of handle added to
+accessed to be naturally aligned (i.e., base address of handle added to
offset is a multiple of the access size), and that the system does
-alignment checking on pointers (i.e. pointer to objects being read and
+alignment checking on pointers (i.e., pointer to objects being read and
written must point to properly-aligned data).
.Pp
The descriptions of the
.Nm
functions given below all assume that
-they are called with proper arguments. If called with invalid arguments
-or arguments that are out of range (e.g. trying to access data outside of
+they are called with proper arguments.
+If called with invalid arguments
+or arguments that are out of range (e.g.\& trying to access data outside of
the region mapped when a given handle was created), undefined behaviour
-results. In that case, they may cause the
+results.
+In that case, they may cause the
system to halt, either intentionally (via panic) or unintentionally (by
causing a fatal trap of by some other means) or may cause improper
-operation which is not immediately fatal. Functions which return
-void or which return data read from bus space (i.e., functions which
-don't obviously return an error code) do not fail. They could only fail
+operation which is not immediately fatal.
+Functions which return
+.Ft void
+or which return data read from bus space (i.e., functions which
+do not obviously return an error code) do not fail.
+They could only fail
if given invalid arguments, and in that case their behaviour is undefined.
-.Pp
.Sh TYPES
Several types are defined in
-.Pa Aq machine/bus.h
+.In machine/bus.h
to facilitate use of the
.Nm
functions by drivers.
-.Pp
-.Bl -ohang -compact
-.It Fa bus_addr_t
-.Pp
+.Ss Vt bus_addr_t
The
-.Fa bus_addr_t
-type is used to describe bus addresses. It must be an
+.Vt bus_addr_t
+type is used to describe bus addresses.
+It must be an
unsigned integral type
-capable of holding the largest bus address usable by the architecture. This
+capable of holding the largest bus address usable by the architecture.
+This
type is primarily used when mapping and unmapping bus space.
-.Pp
-.It Fa bus_size_t
-.Pp
+.Ss Vt bus_size_t
The
-.Fa bus_size_t
-type is used to describe sizes of ranges in bus space. It must be an
+.Vt bus_size_t
+type is used to describe sizes of ranges in bus space.
+It must be an
unsigned integral type capable of holding the size of the largest bus
-address range usable on the architecture. This type is used by virtually all
+address range usable on the architecture.
+This type is used by virtually all
of the
.Nm
functions, describing sizes when mapping regions and
offsets into regions when performing space access operations.
-.Pp
-.It Fa bus_space_tag_t
-.Pp
+.Ss Vt bus_space_tag_t
The
-.Fa bus_space_tag_t
-type is used to describe a particular bus space on a machine. Its
+.Vt bus_space_tag_t
+type is used to describe a particular bus space on a machine.
+Its
contents are machine-dependent and should be considered opaque by
-machine-independent code. This type is used by all
+machine-independent code.
+This type is used by all
.Nm
-functions to name the space on which they're operating.
-.Pp
-.It Fa bus_space_handle_t
-.Pp
+functions to name the space on which they are operating.
+.Ss Vt bus_space_handle_t
The
-.Fa bus_space_handle_t
-type is used to describe a mapping of a range of bus space. Its
+.Vt bus_space_handle_t
+type is used to describe a mapping of a range of bus space.
+Its
contents are machine-dependent and should be considered opaque by
-machine-independent code. This type is used when performing bus space
+machine-independent code.
+This type is used when performing bus space
access operations.
-.El
-.Pp
.Sh MAPPING AND UNMAPPING BUS SPACE
-.Pp
This section is specific to the
-.Nx
+.Nx
version of these functions and may or may not apply to the
-.Fx
+.Fx
version.
.Pp
Bus space must be mapped before it can be used, and should be
-unmapped when it is no longer needed. The
+unmapped when it is no longer needed.
+The
.Fn bus_space_map
and
.Fn bus_space_unmap
functions provide these capabilities.
.Pp
Some drivers need to be able to pass a subregion of already-mapped bus
-space to another driver or module within a driver. The
+space to another driver or module within a driver.
+The
.Fn bus_space_subregion
function allows such subregions to be created.
-.Pp
-.Bl -ohang -compact
-.It Fn bus_space_map "space" "address" "size" "flags" "handlep"
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_map space address size flags handlep
The
.Fn bus_space_map
function maps the region of bus space named by the
-.Fa space ,
-.Fa address ,
+.Fa space , address ,
and
.Fa size
-arguments. If successful, it returns zero
-and fills in the bus space handle pointed to by
+arguments.
+If successful, it returns zero
+and fills in the bus space handle pointed to by
.Fa handlep
with the handle
-that can be used to access the mapped region. If unsuccessful,
+that can be used to access the mapped region.
+If unsuccessful,
it will return non-zero and leave the bus space handle pointed
-to by
+to by
.Fa handlep
in an undefined state.
.Pp
The
.Fa flags
-argument controls how the space is to be mapped. Supported flags include:
-.Bl -tag -width BUS_SPACE_MAP_CACHEABLE -offset indent
+argument controls how the space is to be mapped.
+Supported flags include:
+.Bl -tag -width ".Dv BUS_SPACE_MAP_CACHEABLE"
.It Dv BUS_SPACE_MAP_CACHEABLE
Try to map the space so that accesses can be cached and/or
-prefetched by the system. If this flag is not specified, the
+prefetched by the system.
+If this flag is not specified, the
implementation should map the space so that it will not be cached or
prefetched.
.Pp
@@ -481,19 +580,22 @@ This flag must have a value of 1 on all implementations for backward
compatibility.
.It Dv BUS_SPACE_MAP_LINEAR
Try to map the space so that its contents can be accessed linearly via
-normal memory access methods (e.g. pointer dereferencing and structure
+normal memory access methods (e.g.\& pointer dereferencing and structure
accesses).
This is useful when software wants to do direct access to a memory
-device, e.g. a frame buffer. If this flag is specified and linear
+device, e.g.\& a frame buffer.
+If this flag is specified and linear
mapping is not possible, the
.Fn bus_space_map
-call should fail. If this
+call should fail.
+If this
flag is not specified, the system may map the space in whatever way is
most convenient.
.El
.Pp
Not all combinations of flags make sense or are supported with all
-spaces. For instance,
+spaces.
+For instance,
.Dv BUS_SPACE_MAP_CACHEABLE
may be meaningless when
used on many systems' I/O port spaces, and on some systems
@@ -502,30 +604,33 @@ without
.Dv BUS_SPACE_MAP_CACHEABLE
may never work.
When the system hardware or firmware provides hints as to how spaces should be
-mapped (e.g. the PCI memory mapping registers' "prefetchable" bit), those
-hints should be followed for maximum compatibility. On some systems,
-requesting a mapping that cannot be satisfied (e.g. requesting a
+mapped (e.g.\& the PCI memory mapping registers'
+.Dq prefetchable
+bit), those
+hints should be followed for maximum compatibility.
+On some systems,
+requesting a mapping that cannot be satisfied (e.g.\& requesting a
non-cacheable mapping when the system can only provide a cacheable one)
will cause the request to fail.
.Pp
Some implementations may keep track of use of bus space for some or all
-bus spaces and refuse to allow duplicate allocations. This is encouraged
+bus spaces and refuse to allow duplicate allocations.
+This is encouraged
for bus spaces which have no notion of slot-specific space addressing,
such as ISA and VME, and for spaces which coexist with those spaces
-(e.g. EISA and PCI memory and I/O spaces co-existing with ISA memory and
+(e.g.\& EISA and PCI memory and I/O spaces co-existing with ISA memory and
I/O spaces).
.Pp
Mapped regions may contain areas for which no there is no device on the
-bus. If space in those areas is accessed, the results are
+bus.
+If space in those areas is accessed, the results are
bus-dependent.
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_unmap "space" "handle" "size"
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_unmap space handle size
The
.Fn bus_space_unmap
function unmaps a region of bus space mapped with
.Fn bus_space_map .
-When unmapping a region, the
+When unmapping a region, the
.Fa size
specified should be
the same as the size given to
@@ -535,26 +640,27 @@ when mapping that region.
After
.Fn bus_space_unmap
is called on a handle, that handle is no longer
-valid. (If copies were made of the handle they are no longer valid,
+valid.
+(If copies were made of the handle they are no longer valid,
either.)
.Pp
-This function will never fail. If it would fail (e.g. because of an
+This function will never fail.
+If it would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case,
+panic.
+In that case,
.Fn bus_space_unmap
will never return.
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_subregion "space" "handle" "offset" "size" "nhandlep"
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_subregion space handle offset size nhandlep
The
.Fn bus_space_subregion
function is a convenience function which makes a
new handle to some subregion of an already-mapped region of bus space.
-The subregion described by the new handle starts at byte offset
+The subregion described by the new handle starts at byte offset
.Fa offset
-into the region described by
+into the region described by
.Fa handle ,
-with the size give by
+with the size give by
.Fa size ,
and must be wholly contained within the original region.
.Pp
@@ -567,78 +673,75 @@ If unsuccessful, it returns non-zero and leaves the bus space handle
pointed to by
.Fa nhandlep
in an
-undefined state. In either case, the handle described by
+undefined state.
+In either case, the handle described by
.Fa handle
remains valid and is unmodified.
.Pp
-When done with a handle created by
+When done with a handle created by
.Fn bus_space_subregion ,
the handle should
-be thrown away. Under no circumstances should
+be thrown away.
+Under no circumstances should
.Fn bus_space_unmap
-be used on the handle. Doing so may confuse any resource management
-being done on the space, and will result in undefined behaviour. When
+be used on the handle.
+Doing so may confuse any resource management
+being done on the space, and will result in undefined behaviour.
+When
.Fn bus_space_unmap
or
.Fn bus_space_free
is called on a handle, all subregions of that handle become invalid.
-.El
-.Pp
.Sh ALLOCATING AND FREEING BUS SPACE
-.Pp
This section is specific to the
-.Nx
+.Nx
version of these functions and may or may not apply to the
-.Fx
+.Fx
version.
.Pp
Some devices require or allow bus space to be allocated by the operating
-system for device use. When the devices no longer need the space, the
-operating system should free it for use by other devices. The
+system for device use.
+When the devices no longer need the space, the
+operating system should free it for use by other devices.
+The
.Fn bus_space_alloc
and
.Fn bus_space_free
functions provide these capabilities.
-.Pp
-.Bl -ohang -compact
-.It Xo
-.Fo bus_space_alloc
-.Fa "space" "reg_start" "reg_end" "size"
-.Fa "alignment" "boundary" "flags" "addrp" "handlep"
-.Fc
-.Xc
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_alloc space reg_start reg_end size alignment boundary \
+flags addrp handlep
The
.Fn bus_space_alloc
function allocates and maps a region of bus space with the size given by
.Fa size ,
-corresponding to the given constraints. If successful, it returns
+corresponding to the given constraints.
+If successful, it returns
zero, fills in the bus address pointed to by
.Fa addrp
with the bus space address of the allocated region, and fills in
-the bus space handle pointed to by
+the bus space handle pointed to by
.Fa handlep
with the handle that can be used to access that region.
If unsuccessful, it returns non-zero and leaves the bus address pointed to by
.Fa addrp
-and the bus space handle pointed to by
+and the bus space handle pointed to by
.Fa handlep
in an undefined state.
.Pp
-Constraints on the allocation are given by the
-.Fa reg_start ,
-.Fa reg_end ,
-.Fa alignment ,
+Constraints on the allocation are given by the
+.Fa reg_start , reg_end , alignment ,
and
.Fa boundary
-parameters. The allocated region will start at or after
+parameters.
+The allocated region will start at or after
.Fa reg_start
and end before or at
.Fa reg_end .
The
.Fa alignment
constraint must be a power of two, and the allocated region will start at
-an address that is an even multiple of that power of two. The
+an address that is an even multiple of that power of two.
+The
.Fa boundary
constraint, if non-zero, ensures that the region is allocated so that
.Fa "first address in region"
@@ -650,19 +753,18 @@ has the same value as
.Fa boundary .
If the constraints cannot be met,
.Fn bus_space_alloc
-will fail. It is an error to specify a set of
+will fail.
+It is an error to specify a set of
constraints that can never be met
-.Po
-for example,
+(for example,
.Fa size
greater than
-.Fa boundary
-.Pc .
+.Fa boundary ) .
.Pp
The
.Fa flags
parameter is the same as the like-named parameter to
-.Fa bus_space_map ,
+.Fn bus_space_map ,
the same flag values should be used, and they have the
same meanings.
.Pp
@@ -672,14 +774,13 @@ should only be freed with
.Fn bus_space_free .
Trying to use
.Fn bus_space_unmap
-on them causes undefined behaviour. The
+on them causes undefined behaviour.
+The
.Fn bus_space_subregion
function can be used on
handles created by
.Fn bus_space_alloc .
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_free "space" "handle" "size"
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_free space handle size
The
.Fn bus_space_free
function unmaps and frees a region of bus space mapped
@@ -693,41 +794,39 @@ when allocating the region.
.Pp
After
.Fn bus_space_free
-is called on a handle, that handle is no longer valid. (If copies were
+is called on a handle, that handle is no longer valid.
+(If copies were
made of the handle, they are no longer valid, either.)
.Pp
-This function will never fail. If it would fail (e.g. because of an
+This function will never fail.
+If it would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case,
+panic.
+In that case,
.Fn bus_space_free
will never return.
-.El
-.Pp
.Sh READING AND WRITING SINGLE DATA ITEMS
-.Pp
The simplest way to access bus space is to read or write a single data
-item. The
+item.
+The
.Fn bus_space_read_N
and
.Fn bus_space_write_N
families of functions provide
the ability to read and write 1, 2, 4, and 8 byte data items on busses
which support those access sizes.
-.Pp
-.Bl -ohang -compact
-.It Fn bus_space_read_1 "space" "handle" "offset"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_2 "space" "handle" "offset"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_4 "space" "handle" "offset"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_8 "space" "handle" "offset"
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_1 space handle offset
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_2 space handle offset
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_4 space handle offset
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_8 space handle offset
The
.Fn bus_space_read_N
family of functions reads a 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data item from
the offset specified by
.Fa offset
-into the region specified by
+into the region specified by
.Fa handle
-of the bus space specified by
+of the bus space specified by
.Fa space .
The location being read must lie within the bus space region specified by
.Fa handle .
@@ -738,7 +837,7 @@ plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data item being read.
On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause incorrect data to
be read, on others it may cause a system crash.
.Pp
-Read operations done by the
+Read operations done by the
.Fn bus_space_read_N
functions may be executed out
of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless
@@ -746,15 +845,15 @@ order is enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier
function.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_write_1 "space" "handle" "offset" "value"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_2 "space" "handle" "offset" "value"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_4 "space" "handle" "offset" "value"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_8 "space" "handle" "offset" "value"
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_1 space handle offset value
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_2 space handle offset value
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_4 space handle offset value
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_8 space handle offset value
The
.Fn bus_space_write_N
family of functions writes a 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data item to the offset
@@ -762,7 +861,7 @@ specified by
.Fa offset
into the region specified by
.Fa handle
-of the bus space specified by
+of the bus space specified by
.Fa space .
The location being written must lie within
the bus space region specified by
@@ -771,7 +870,8 @@ the bus space region specified by
For portability, the starting address of the region specified by
.Fa handle
plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data item being
-written. On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause
+written.
+On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause
incorrect data to be written, on others it may cause a system crash.
.Pp
Write operations done by the
@@ -782,39 +882,36 @@ unless order is enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier
function.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.El
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
.Sh BARRIERS
-.Pp
In order to allow high-performance buffering implementations to avoid bus
activity on every operation, read and write ordering should be specified
-explicitly by drivers when necessary. The
+explicitly by drivers when necessary.
+The
.Fn bus_space_barrier
function provides that ability.
-.Pp
-.Bl -ohang -compact
-.It Fn bus_space_barrier "space" "handle" "offset" "length" "flags"
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_barrier space handle offset length flags
The
.Fn bus_space_barrier
function enforces ordering of bus space read and write operations
for the specified subregion (described by the
.Fa offset
-and
+and
.Fa length
parameters) of the region named by
.Fa handle
in the space named by
.Fa space .
.Pp
-The
+The
.Fa flags
argument controls what types of operations are to be ordered.
Supported flags are:
-.Bl -tag -width BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_WRITE -offset indent
+.Bl -tag -width ".Dv BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_WRITE"
.It Dv BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_READ
Synchronize read operations.
.It Dv BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_WRITE
@@ -830,12 +927,13 @@ specified type(s) of operation done after the barrier.
.Pp
Example: Consider a hypothetical device with two single-byte ports, one
write-only input port (at offset 0) and a read-only output port (at
-offset 1). Operation of the device is as follows: data bytes are written
+offset 1).
+Operation of the device is as follows: data bytes are written
to the input port, and are placed by the device on a stack, the top of
-which is read by reading from the output port. The sequence to correctly
+which is read by reading from the output port.
+The sequence to correctly
write two data bytes to the device then read those two data bytes back
would be:
-.Pp
.Bd -literal
/*
* t and h are the tag and handle for the mapped device's
@@ -854,12 +952,14 @@ ndata0 = bus_space_read_1(t, h, 1);
.Pp
The first barrier makes sure that the first write finishes before the
second write is issued, so that two writes to the input port are done
-in order and are not collapsed into a single write. This ensures that
+in order and are not collapsed into a single write.
+This ensures that
the data bytes are written to the device correctly and in order.
.Pp
The second barrier makes sure that the writes to the output port finish
before any of the reads to the input port are issued, thereby making sure
-that all of the writes are finished before data is read. This ensures
+that all of the writes are finished before data is read.
+This ensures
that the first byte read from the device really is the last one that was
written.
.Pp
@@ -867,18 +967,17 @@ The third barrier makes sure that the first read finishes before the
second read is issued, ensuring that data is read correctly and in order.
.Pp
The barriers in the example above are specified to cover the absolute
-minimum number of bus space locations. It is correct (and often
+minimum number of bus space locations.
+It is correct (and often
easier) to make barrier operations cover the device's whole range of bus
space, that is, to specify an offset of zero and the size of the
whole region.
-.El
-.Pp
.Sh REGION OPERATIONS
-.Pp
Some devices use buffers which are mapped as regions in bus space.
Often, drivers want to copy the contents of those buffers to or from
-memory, e.g. into mbufs which can be passed to higher levels of the
-system or from mbufs to be output to a network. In order to allow
+memory, e.g.\& into mbufs which can be passed to higher levels of the
+system or from mbufs to be output to a network.
+In order to allow
drivers to do this as efficiently as possible, the
.Fn bus_space_read_region_N
and
@@ -887,18 +986,16 @@ families of functions are provided.
.Pp
Drivers occasionally need to copy one region of a bus space to another,
or to set all locations in a region of bus space to contain a single
-value. The
+value.
+The
.Fn bus_space_copy_region_N
family of functions and the
.Fn bus_space_set_region_N
family of functions allow drivers to perform these operations.
-.Pp
-.Bl -ohang -compact
-.It Fn bus_space_read_region_1 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_region_2 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_region_4 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_region_8 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_region_1 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_region_2 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_region_4 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_region_8 space handle offset datap count
The
.Fn bus_space_read_region_N
family of functions reads
@@ -914,37 +1011,41 @@ and writes them into the array specified by
.Fa datap .
Each successive data item is read from an offset
1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes after the previous data item (depending on which
-function is used). All locations being read must lie within the bus
+function is used).
+All locations being read must lie within the bus
space region specified by
.Fa handle .
.Pp
For portability, the starting address of the region specified by
.Fa handle
plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being
-read and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some
+read and the data array pointer should be properly aligned.
+On some
systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be
read, on others it may cause a system crash.
.Pp
Read operations done by the
.Fn bus_space_read_region_N
-functions may be executed in any order. They may also be executed out
+functions may be executed in any order.
+They may also be executed out
of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless
order is enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier
-function. There is no way to insert barriers between reads of
+function.
+There is no way to insert barriers between reads of
individual bus space locations executed by the
.Fn bus_space_read_region_N
functions.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_write_region_1 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_region_2 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_region_4 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_region_8 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_region_1 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_region_2 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_region_4 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_region_8 space handle offset datap count
The
.Fn bus_space_write_region_N
family of functions reads
@@ -958,45 +1059,49 @@ in the region specified by
.Fa handle
of the bus space specified
by
-.Fa space .
+.Fa space .
Each successive data item is written to an offset 1, 2, 4,
or 8 bytes after the previous data item (depending on which function is
-used). All locations being written must lie within the bus space region
+used).
+All locations being written must lie within the bus space region
specified by
.Fa handle .
.Pp
For portability, the starting address of the region specified by
.Fa handle
plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being
-written and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some
+written and the data array pointer should be properly aligned.
+On some
systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be
written, on others it may cause a system crash.
.Pp
Write operations done by the
.Fn bus_space_write_region_N
functions may be
-executed in any order. They may also be executed out of order with
+executed in any order.
+They may also be executed out of order with
respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is
enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier
-function. There is no way to insert barriers between writes of
+function.
+There is no way to insert barriers between writes of
individual bus space locations executed by the
.Fn bus_space_write_region_N
functions.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_copy_region_1 "space" "srchandle" "srcoffset" "dsthandle" \
-"dstoffset" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_copy_region_2 "space" "srchandle" "srcoffset" "dsthandle" \
-"dstoffset" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_copy_region_4 "space" "srchandle" "srcoffset" "dsthandle" \
-"dstoffset" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_copy_region_8 "space" "srchandle" "srcoffset" "dsthandle" \
-"dstoffset" "count"
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
+.Ss Fn bus_space_copy_region_1 space srchandle srcoffset dsthandle \
+dstoffset count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_copy_region_2 space srchandle srcoffset dsthandle \
+dstoffset count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_copy_region_4 space srchandle srcoffset dsthandle \
+dstoffset count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_copy_region_8 space srchandle srcoffset dsthandle \
+dstoffset count
The
.Fn bus_space_copy_region_N
family of functions copies
@@ -1012,20 +1117,24 @@ to the area starting at byte offset
.Fa dstoffset
in the region specified by
.Fa dsthandle
-in the same bus space. Each successive data item read or written has
+in the same bus space.
+Each successive data item read or written has
an offset 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes after the previous data item (depending
-on which function is used). All locations being read and written must
+on which function is used).
+All locations being read and written must
lie within the bus space region specified by their respective handles.
.Pp
For portability, the starting addresses of the regions specified by the
each handle plus its respective offset should be a multiple of the size
-of data items being copied. On some systems, not obeying this
+of data items being copied.
+On some systems, not obeying this
requirement may cause incorrect data to be copied, on others it may cause
a system crash.
.Pp
Read and write operations done by the
.Fn bus_space_copy_region_N
-functions may be executed in any order. They may also be executed out
+functions may be executed in any order.
+They may also be executed out
of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless
order is enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier function .
@@ -1039,15 +1148,15 @@ of bus space are handled correctly by the
.Fn bus_space_copy_region_N
functions.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_set_region_1 "space" "handle" "offset" "value" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_set_region_2 "space" "handle" "offset" "value" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_set_region_4 "space" "handle" "offset" "value" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_set_region_8 "space" "handle" "offset" "value" "count"
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
+.Ss Fn bus_space_set_region_1 space handle offset value count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_set_region_2 space handle offset value count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_set_region_4 space handle offset value count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_set_region_8 space handle offset value count
The
.Fn bus_space_set_region_N
family of functions writes the given
@@ -1059,10 +1168,11 @@ data items in bus space starting at byte offset
.Fa offset
in the region specified by
.Fa handle
-of the bus space specified by
-.Fa space .
+of the bus space specified by
+.Fa space .
Each successive data item has an offset 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes after the
-previous data item (depending on which function is used). All
+previous data item (depending on which function is used).
+All
locations being written must lie within the bus space region specified
by
.Fa handle .
@@ -1070,44 +1180,44 @@ by
For portability, the starting address of the region specified by
.Fa handle
plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being
-written. On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause
+written.
+On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause
incorrect data to be written, on others it may cause a system crash.
.Pp
Write operations done by the
.Fn bus_space_set_region_N
functions may be
-executed in any order. They may also be executed out of order with
+executed in any order.
+They may also be executed out of order with
respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is
enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier
-function. There is no way to insert barriers between writes of
+function.
+There is no way to insert barriers between writes of
individual bus space locations executed by the
.Fn bus_space_set_region_N
functions.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.El
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
.Sh READING AND WRITING A SINGLE LOCATION MULTIPLE TIMES
-.Pp
Some devices implement single locations in bus space which are to be read
-or written multiple times to communicate data, e.g. some ethernet
-devices' packet buffer FIFOs. In order to allow drivers to manipulate
+or written multiple times to communicate data, e.g.\& some ethernet
+devices' packet buffer FIFOs.
+In order to allow drivers to manipulate
these types of devices as efficiently as possible, the
.Fn bus_space_read_multi_N ,
.Fn bus_space_set_multi_N ,
and
.Fn bus_space_write_multi_N
families of functions are provided.
-.Pp
-.Bl -ohang -compact
-.It Fn bus_space_read_multi_1 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_multi_2 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_multi_4 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_read_multi_8 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.Pp
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_multi_1 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_multi_2 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_multi_4 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_read_multi_8 space handle offset datap count
The
.Fn bus_space_read_multi_N
family of functions reads
@@ -1122,14 +1232,16 @@ of the bus space specified by
and writes them into the array specified by
.Fa datap .
Each successive data item is read from the same location in bus
-space. The location being read must lie within the bus space region
+space.
+The location being read must lie within the bus space region
specified by
.Fa handle .
.Pp
For portability, the starting address of the region specified by
.Fa handle
plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being
-read and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some
+read and the data array pointer should be properly aligned.
+On some
systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be
read, on others it may cause a system crash.
.Pp
@@ -1139,21 +1251,22 @@ functions may be
executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write
operations unless order is enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier
-function. Because the
+function.
+Because the
.Fn bus_space_read_multi_N
functions read the same bus space location multiple times, they
place an implicit read barrier between each successive read of that bus
space location.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_write_multi_1 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_multi_2 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_multi_4 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_write_multi_8 "space" "handle" "offset" "datap" "count"
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_multi_1 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_multi_2 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_multi_4 space handle offset datap count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_write_multi_8 space handle offset datap count
The
.Fn bus_space_write_multi_N
family of functions reads
@@ -1168,14 +1281,16 @@ in the region specified by
of the bus space specified by
.Fa space .
Each successive data item is written to the same location in
-bus space. The location being written must lie within the bus space
+bus space.
+The location being written must lie within the bus space
region specified by
.Fa handle .
.Pp
For portability, the starting address of the region specified by
.Fa handle
plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being
-written and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some
+written and the data array pointer should be properly aligned.
+On some
systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be
written, on others it may cause a system crash.
.Pp
@@ -1184,34 +1299,33 @@ Write operations done by the
functions may be executed out of order with respect to other pending
read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier
-function. Because the
+function.
+Because the
.Fn bus_space_write_multi_N
functions write the same bus space location multiple times, they
place an implicit write barrier between each successive write of that
bus space location.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.El
-.Pp
-.Pp
-.It Fn bus_space_set_multi_1 "space" "handle" "offset" "value" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_set_multi_2 "space" "handle" "offset" "value" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_set_multi_4 "space" "handle" "offset" "value" "count"
-.It Fn bus_space_set_multi_8 "space" "handle" "offset" "value" "count"
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
+.Ss Fn bus_space_set_multi_1 space handle offset value count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_set_multi_2 space handle offset value count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_set_multi_4 space handle offset value count
+.Ss Fn bus_space_set_multi_8 space handle offset value count
The
.Fn bus_space_set_multi_N
writes
-.Fa value
+.Fa value
into bus space at byte offset
.Fa offset
in the region specified by
.Fa handle
of the bus space specified by
-.Fa space
-.Fa count
+.Fa space ,
+.Fa count
times.
The location being written must lie within the bus space
region specified by
@@ -1220,7 +1334,8 @@ region specified by
For portability, the starting address of the region specified by
.Fa handle
plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being
-written and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some
+written and the data array pointer should be properly aligned.
+On some
systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be
written, on others it may cause a system crash.
.Pp
@@ -1229,32 +1344,32 @@ Write operations done by the
functions may be executed out of order with respect to other pending
read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the
.Fn bus_space_barrier
-function. Because the
+function.
+Because the
.Fn bus_space_set_multi_N
functions write the same bus space location multiple times, they
place an implicit write barrier between each successive write of that
bus space location.
.Pp
-These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an
+These functions will never fail.
+If they would fail (e.g.\& because of an
argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a
-panic. In that case, they will never return.
-.El
-.Pp
+panic.
+In that case, they will never return.
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
-.Pp
-The current
-.Nx
+The current
+.Nx
version of the
.Nm
interface specification differs slightly from the original
-specification that came into wide use and
-.Fx
+specification that came into wide use and
+.Fx
adopted.
A few of the function names and arguments have changed
for consistency and increased functionality.
-.Pp
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr bus_dma 9
.Sh HISTORY
-.Pp
The
.Nm
functions were introduced in a different form (memory and I/O spaces
@@ -1267,39 +1382,45 @@ early in the
development cycle, and many drivers were converted to use them.
This document was written later during the
.Nx 1.3
-development cycle and the specification was updated to fix some
+development cycle, and the specification was updated to fix some
consistency problems and to add some missing functionality.
.Pp
The manual page was then adopted to the version of the interface that
-.Fx
+.Fx
imported for the CAM SCSI drivers, plus subsequent evolution.
-The
-.Fx
+The
+.Fx
.Nm
version was imported in
.Fx 3.0 .
.Sh AUTHORS
-.Pp
+.An -nosplit
The
.Nm
interfaces were designed and implemented by the
.Nx
developer
-community. Primary contributors and implementors were Chris Demetriou,
-Jason Thorpe, and Charles Hannum, but the rest of the
+community.
+Primary contributors and implementors were
+.An Chris Demetriou ,
+.An Jason Thorpe ,
+and
+.An Charles Hannum ,
+but the rest of the
.Nx
developers and the user community played a significant role in development.
.Pp
-Justin Gibbs ported these interfaces to
+.An Justin Gibbs
+ported these interfaces to
.Fx .
.Pp
-Chris Demetriou wrote this manual page.
+.An Chris Demetriou
+wrote this manual page.
.Pp
-Warner Losh modified it for the
-.Fx
+.An Warner Losh
+modified it for the
+.Fx
implementation.
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr bus_dma 9
.Sh BUGS
-This manual man not completely and accurately document the interface
+This manual may not completely and accurately document the interface,
and many parts of the interface are unspecified.
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