1999a revision of timezone data from Arthur Olson and friends.

Obtained from:	ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tzdata1999a.tar.gz

1 files changed, 1700 insertions, 1280 deletions

diff --git a/share/zoneinfo/europe b/share/zoneinfo/europe
index 9abf677..9e90832 100644
--- a/share/zoneinfo/europe
+++ b/share/zoneinfo/europe
@@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
-# @(#)europe	7.16
+# @(#)europe	7.57
 
 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
-# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (3rd edition),
-# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1991).
-# Except where otherwise noted, it is the source for the data below.
+# Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
+# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
+#
+# Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
+# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
+# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
+# published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
+# of the IATA's data after 1990.
+#
+# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
+# and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
 #
 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
@@ -16,48 +24,51 @@
 #
 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
-# The starred Russian names are dubious.  Corrections are welcome!
+# Corrections are welcome!
 #		std dst
 #		LMT	Local Mean Time
-#		LST	Local Star Time (Russian ``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'')
 #	-4:00	AST	Atlantic
-#	-3:00	WGT+DST	Western Greenland*
-#	-2:00	MGT+DST	Middle Greenland*
-#	-1:00	EGT+DST	Eastern Greenland*
-#	-1:00	ACT+DST	Azores and Canaries*
-#	-1:00	IST IDT	Iceland (no longer used)*
+#	-3:00	WGT WGST Western Greenland*
+#	-1:00	EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
 #	 0:00	GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
-#	 0:00	WET+DST Western Europe
-#	 1:00	MET+DST Middle Europe
-#	 2:00	EET+DST Eastern Europe
+#	 0:00	GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
+#	 0:00	WET WEST Western Europe
+#	 1:00	CET CEST Central Europe
+#	 2:00	EET EEST Eastern Europe
 #	 3:00	MSK MSD	Moscow
-#	 3:00	TUR+DST	Turkey (no longer used)*
-#	 4:00	KSK KSD	Kuybyshev*
-#	 5:00	ESK ESD	Yekaterinburg*
-#	 6:00	OSK OSD	Omsk*
-#	 6:00	NSK NSD	Novosibirsk (was 7:00 until 1994)
-#	 7:00	TSK TSD	Tomsk*
-#	 8:00	ISK ISD	Irkutsk*
-#	 9:00	YSK YSD	Yakutsk*
-#	10:00	VSK VSD	Vladivostok*
-#	11:00	GSK GSD	Magadan*
-#	12:00	PSK PSD	Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski*
-#	13:00	ASK ASD	Anadyr*
-#
-# See the `africa' file for Zone naming conventions.
 #
 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
 # is Derek Howse, Greenwich time and the discovery of the longitude,
 # Oxford University Press (1980).
 
-# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
-# LST is Local Star Time (``mestnoe zvezdnoe vremya'').
+# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
+# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
+# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
+# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
+# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
+# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
+# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
+# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
+# ...
+# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
+# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
+# ...
+# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
+# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
+# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
+# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
+# in the Directive.
+
 
 ###############################################################################
 
-# United Kingdom
+# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
+# The UK and its colonies adopted the Gregorian calendar on 1752-09-14.
 
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (July 6, 1994):
+# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
 #
 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
@@ -65,7 +76,7 @@
 # of the text said:
 #
 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
-# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longditude
+# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
@@ -73,12 +84,12 @@
 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
 #
 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
-# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longditude should
+# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
 #
 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
 
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
 #
 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
@@ -104,7 +115,22 @@
 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22.  We don't know as much
 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (January 19, 1989):
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-06-12):
+# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
+# a London builder who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
+# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
+# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
+# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
+# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
+# One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
+# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
+# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
+# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
+# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
+
+# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
 #
 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
@@ -115,487 +141,574 @@
 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
 
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
-#
-# I have some more up to date info.
-#
-# Our Government...couldn't...make a decision after the 1989 consultation
-# exercise about the UK changing its timezone so it just let things drift
-# (different from deciding to keep the status quo).  According to the
-# Summer Time Order 1992 (SI 1992/1729) the dates of Summer Time for 1993
-# and 1994 are:
-#	Start		End
-# 1993	28 March	24 October
-# 1994	27 March	23 October
-# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
-#
-# There [was] an error in your tables for the start and end times prior to 1981.
-# The UK always used to change at 02:00 GMT. In 1981 it changed to 01:00 GMT
-# as a part of EC harmonisation and has remained at that time since.
-#
-# I have found the default algorithm for UK Summer Time, it is in the
-# Summer Time Act 1972. Section 1 states that in the absence of an Order
-# in Council Summer Time starts at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day
-# after the third Saturday in March, unless that day is Easter Day, in
-# which case it is the morning of the day after the second Saturday.
-# It ends at 02:00 GMT on the morning of the day after the fourth Saturday
-# in October. (All the redundant `morning of the day ...' is in the Act.)
-# This is only of passing interest now as it will always be overridden by
-# an Order in Council (a Statutary Instrument, the SI thing mentioned above)
-# to specify the EC specified dates.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 18, 1993):
-#
-# My contact in the Ministry of Defence Public Relations department
-# accepted the challenge of looking into this and produced the following,
-# from Hansard (the official record of the UK Parliament), Oral Answers,
-# 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60:
-#
-# `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
-# Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
-# regarding double summer time.
-#
-# [two other similar questions omitted]
-#
-# Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
-# considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
-# double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
-# maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
-# when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
-# double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
-# Sunday, but in the night of Sunday- Monday so that it will operate from
-# Monday, 2nd April.'
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (September 3, 1993):
-#
-# > # Current rules
-# > Rule GB-Eire 1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	BST
-# > Rule GB-Eire 1981	max	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00s	0	GMT
-#
-# The ending rule here doesn't match the EC rules, which specify the fourth
-# Sunday in October for the UK and Eire. The `fourth Sunday' rule wasn't
-# followed in 1989, but then the sixth EC directive wasn't in force then
-# and I don't know what previous ones said. 1995 is the next year with
-# the 4th Sun on 22 Oct, but that year isn't covered by the UK Summer Time
-# Order or the sixth EC directive. Your Oct Sun>=23 rule matches history
-# and with things only announced for 2 years or so in advance who knows
-# what will happen.
-#
-# There are renewed rumours that the Government here will make another
-# attempt at resolving this issue, which is what prompted me to start
-# asking the Home Office and the EC about it again. The EC categorically
-# state they are not asking anybody to change timezone, they only want
-# common start/end dates. The UK Govt. seem to want to change our zone
-# and blame the resulting fuss on the EC. Me, I think we should scrap
-# summer time completely, noon is when the Sun is overhead, and that should
-# be the end of it.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 22, 1993):
-#
-# I now have the text of the Summer Time Act 1916, the granddaddy of them all.
-# It is headed: `An Act to provide for the Time in Great Britain and Ireland
-# being in advance of Greenwich and Dublin mean time respectively in the
-# summer months'.
-#
-# It specifies 21 May and 1 October for 1916 (both at 02:00 GMT) and whatever
-# dates an Order in Council may specify for subsequent years.
-#
-# Section 4 states: `This act shall apply to Ireland in like manner as it
-# applies to Great Britain, with the substitution however of references
-# to Dublin mean time for references to Greenwich mean time.'
-#
-# Lorna, my learned legal friend who supplied it, also offers this quote
-# from Halsbury's Statutes on the extent of Acts:
-#
-# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
-# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
-# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
-# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
-# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
-#
-# She goes on to say the seminal event of 1922 was the establishment of
-# the Irish Free State, now called Eire.
-#
-# The Act doesn't say anything about Wales (or Scotland) so I would assert
-# that Shanks is wrong here. I would like to know why he thinks Wales
-# was different.
-#
-# It also confirms the fact that Ireland followed Dublin time back then,
-# and 25 minutes behind Greenwich, as Shanks has it, would be correct.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 28, 1993):
-#
-# I now have before me, thanks to my learned legal friend Lorna, the text of
-# the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.
-#
-# It says that as from 2 AM Dublin Mean Time on 1 October 1916 the time
-# for general purposes in Ireland shall be the same as the rest of Great
-# Britain (ie. GMT with the Summer Time periods specified by the Summer Time
-# Act 1916)....  As Ireland was behind GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct GB would
-# have already put the clocks back. Using DST as Dublin Summer Time the
-# sequence would have been:
-# Dublin		London
-# 02:34 DST	02:59 BST
-# 02:35 DST	02:00 GMT
-# 02:59 DST	02:24 GMT
-# 02:25 GMT	02:25 GMT
-# with the transition 03:00 DST -> 02:00 DMT -> 02:25 GMT all at once.
-#
-# In a table of repeals in the Schedule to the Act it mentions the
-# Statutes (Definition of Time) Act 1880. This is presumably the source
-# of the 1880 date in Shanks.  The little bit of it that is repealed
-# also refers solely to Ireland and Dublin Mean Time.
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (October 29, 1993):
-#
-# My case is that, with the sole exception of Ireland in 1916 using Dublin
-# Mean Time, Summer Time has been uniform throughout the United Kingdom
-# ever since it first started in 1916.
-#
-# The United Kingdom is England, Wales and Scotland plus all of Ireland from
-# 1916 up to and including 1921, or plus Northern Ireland from 1922 to date.
-#
-# The dates used are those specified in the table in Summer Time: A Consultation
-# Document (Cm 722, 1989) that are now included in the europe file, with a
-# change to a single date, the start in 1924. I made a typo in my 1989 mail
-# and the table itself is also wrong.  The correct date is 13 April.
-# The times were 02:00 GMT up to and including 1980, 01:00 GMT from 1981 on,
-# except for wartime double summer time.
-#
-# As evidence I would cite:
-#
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1916.
+# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
+# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
+# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time.  Look for the published
+# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
+# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
+
+# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
+# The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
+# legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
+# the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
+#
+# Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
+# I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
+# with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
+# keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
+# get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
+# this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
+# to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
+# volumes.
+#
+# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
+# the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
+# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
+# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
+# and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
+# up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
+#
+# Some definitions:
+#
+# Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
+# United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
+# Ireland (since 1922)
+# S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
+# S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
+#
+# Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
+# to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
+# or the Channel Islands.
+#
+# Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
+# have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
+# like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
+# check these documents again.
+#
+# ---
+#
+# - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
+#
+# Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
+# and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
+# various forms of local mean time.
+#
+# - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
+#
+# An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
+# defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
+# seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
+# or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
+#
+# - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
+#
+# Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
+# to the Isle of Man.
+#
+# - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
+#
+# Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
+# Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
+# Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
+# Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
+# of the then current war.
+#
+# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
+#
+# This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
+# bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
+# GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
+# Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
+# derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
+# would have been:
+# Dublin        London
+# 02:34:38 IST  02:59:59 BST
+# 02:34:39 IST  02:00:00 GMT
+# 02:59:59 IST  02:25:20 GMT
+# 02:25:21 GMT  02:25:21 GMT
+# with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
+#
+# An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
+# extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
+# 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
+# the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
+# time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
+# for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
+# both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
+# (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
+# dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
+# for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
+# both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
+#
+# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
+#
+# - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
+#   (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
+#
+# This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
+# which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
+# only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
+# ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
+# for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
+# both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
+#
+# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
+# for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
+# both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
+#
+# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
 #
-# This specifically states that it applies to Ireland, specifies dates of
-# 21 May and 1 October and times of 02:00, and says that in Ireland the
-# times relate to Dublin mean time. It specifies an offset of 1 hour.
-#
-# - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916
-#
-# This abolishes Dublin mean time on 02:00 DMT 1 October 1916.
-# It repeals that section of the Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880
-# that specifies DMT. It is therefore a safe bet that DMT existed at least
-# from 1880 and was the only alternative standard time in the UK.
+# - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
 #
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1922
+# An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
+# change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
+# Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
+# Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
+#
+# - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
+#
+# This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
+# for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
+# Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
+# than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
+# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
+# in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
+#
+# The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
+# Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
+# in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+# It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
+# for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
+# Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
+# a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
+# Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
+#
+# This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
+#
+# - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
 #
 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
-# so approved.
+# so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
+# Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
 #
-# It specifically states that it applies to Northern Ireland, the Channel
-# Islands, and the Isle of Man.
+# - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
 #
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1925
+# An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
+# dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
+# the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
+#
+# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
+#
+# This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
+# 31 December 1924.
+#
+# - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
+#
+# This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
+# 31 December 1925.
+#
+# - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
+#
+# This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
+# to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
+# in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
+# accordingly.
+#
+# - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
 #
 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
-# day after the first Saturday in October. It says nothing about extent,
-# so that part of the 1922 Act will still apply.
+# day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
+#
+# - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
+#
+# I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
+# do all manner of things during the newly started war.
 #
-# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, SR&O 1939 No. 1379
-#   [SR&O == Statutary Regulation and Order]
+# - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
 #
 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
-# It changes the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
-# It makes consequential changes to some vehicle lighting legislation,
-# which includes the Motor Vehicles and Road Traffic (Northern Ireland) Act,
-# 1934, so it seems clear it applies in Northern Ireland.
+# They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
+#
+# An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
+# (ie. 25 Feb 1940).
 #
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-#   1939, SR&O 1940 No. 1883
+# - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
 #
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
-# It says nothing about extent and has no consequential changes.
 #
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-#   1939, SR&O 1941 No. 476
+# - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
 #
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
-# which continues throughout the rest of the year. It goes on a lot about
-# consequential changes to agricultural wages legislation, and says in part
-# `... and in its application to Northern Ireland have effect as
-# if for the references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation) Acts, 1924 and
-# 1940, there were substituted references to the Agricultural Wages (Regulation)
-# Acts (Northern Ireland), 1939 and 1940, ...'. It also has a similar section
-# for Scotland. Both sections substitute the local Agricultural Wages Board
-# for the Agricultural Wages Board for England and Wales, showing that
-# England and Wales were indivisible.
+# which continues throughout the rest of the year.
 #
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-#   1939, SR&O 1942 No. 506
+# - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
 #
-# This changes the start date of double summer time to the day after the first
-# Saturday in April. It says nothing about extent.
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
+# Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
 #
-# - An Order in Council amending the The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations,
-#   1939, SR&O 1944 No. 932
+# - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 #
-# This changed the end date of double summer time to 17 September 1944.
-# (I don't have the text of this, just a note of what it did, the text almost
-# certainly had the `day after the nth Saturday' form.)
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
+# third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
 #
-# (I am missing whatever regulations there were to change things in 1945
-# and the Summer Time Act, 1947.)
+# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
 #
-# - The British Standard Time Act, 1968
+# Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
+# day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
+# in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
 #
-# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
-# the year as an experiment until it expired on 31 October 1971.
-# There was no double summer time so we didn't have to change the clocks at all.
-# It specifically said it applied to Northern Ireland. It also said it
-# applied to Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man unless they passed
-# measures saying it didn't.
+# I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
+# Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
+# unusual start on a Monday:
+#
+#  `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
+#   Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
+#   regarding double summer time.
+#
+#   [two other similar questions omitted]
+#
+#   Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
+#   considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
+#   double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
+#   maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
+#   when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
+#   double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
+#   Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
+#   Monday, 2nd April.'
+#
+# - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
+#
+# An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
+# a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
+# This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
+# It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
+# date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
+#
+# - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
+#
+# Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
+# 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
+# (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
+# offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
+# 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
+# Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
+# both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
+# to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
+#
+# An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
+# 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
+# not continued after 1947.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
+#
+# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
+# of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
+#
+# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
+# of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
+#
+# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
+# of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
+#
+# Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
+# of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
+#
+# This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
+# to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
+#
+# - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
+#
+# I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
+# Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
+# legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
 #
-# - The Manx Time Act, 1968
+# - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
+#
+# Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
+#
+# - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
+#
+# Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
+#
+# Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
+#
+# - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
+#
+# Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
+#
+# Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
+#   1965: 21 March to 24 October
+#   1966: 20 March to 23 October
+#   1967: 19 March to 29 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
+# - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
+#
+# The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
+# Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
+# all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
+# to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
+#
+# - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
+#
+# This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
+# the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
+# Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
+# It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
+#
+# Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
+# 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
+# stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
+# (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
+# advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
+# possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
+# especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
+# thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
+# summer time in 1968.
+#
+# - The Manx Time Act 1968
 #
 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
 #
-# - The Summer Time Act, 1972
+# - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
 #
-# This specified a reversion to normal summer time behaviour with a start
+# This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
-# 1 hour.
+# 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
+# times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
+# implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
+#
+# - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
 #
-# It has the same wording about extent as the British Standard Time Act, 1968,
-# applying to Northern Ireland unconditionally and to Jersey, Guernsey and the
-# Isle of Man if they don't do something about it.
+# Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
+# Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
+# time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
+# has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
 #
-# (I am missing various Summer Time Orders that modified the 1972 Act to
-# harmonise with the EC since 1981. The major change is that the time changes
-# to 01:00 GMT.)
+# - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
 #
-# - The Summer Time Order, 1992, SI 1992/1729 [SI == Statutary Instrument]
+# The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
+# dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
+# Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
+# The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
+# time. The dates:
+#   1981: 29 March
+#   1982: 28 March
 #
-# This specifies dates of:
-#       Start       End
-# 1993  28 March    24 October
-# 1994  27 March    23 October
-# All start and end times are at 01:00 GMT.
-# This is as far as it goes at present. A new EC directive is expected soon
-# and this will lead to a new Summer Time Order implementing it in the UK.
+# - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
 #
-# - Some text on the extent of Acts, from Halsbury's Statutes
+# Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
+# EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
+#   1981: 29 March to 25 October
+#   1982: 28 March to 24 October
+#
+# - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
+#   (82/399/EEC)
+#
+# The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
+# Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
+# be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
+# date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
+# end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
+# All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
+#   1983: 25 September or 23 October
+#   1984: 30 September or 28 october
+#   1985: 29 September or 27 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
+#
+# Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
+#   1983: 27 March to 23 October
+#   1984: 25 March to 28 october
+#   1985: 31 March to 27 October
+#
+# - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
+#   (84/634/EEC)
+#
+# Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
+# dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
+# 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
+#   1986: 28 September or 26 October
+#   1987: 27 September or 25 October
+#   1988: 25 September or 23 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
+#
+# Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
+#   1986: 30 March to 26 October
+#   1987: 29 March to 25 October
+#   1988: 27 March to 23 October
+#
+# - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
+#   on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
+#
+# This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
+# The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
+# to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
+# sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
+# to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
+# without any change to the dates themselves.
+#
+# - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
+#   (88/14/EEC)
+#
+# This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
+# this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
+# end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
+# the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
+# All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
+#   1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
+#
+# Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
+#
+# - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
+#   (89/47/EEC)
+#
+# Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
+# rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
+# in October) and specific dates:
+#   1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
+#   1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
+#   1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
+#
+# Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
 #
-# `An Act of the United Kingdom Parliament is to be construed prima facie
-# to apply to the whole of the United Kingdom and not to any place outside.
-# [...] The expression "United Kingdom" for this purpose includes (since
-# 1922) Great Britain (ie. England, Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland,
-# but it does not include the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man.'
+# - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
+#   arrangements
+#
+# Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
+# both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
+#   1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
+#   1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
 #
-# So, many of these measures specifically include Northern Ireland,
-# the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. None of them exclude any
-# part of the UK. The default interpretation of Acts is that they apply
-# throughout the UK.
+# - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
+#
+# Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
+#
+# - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+#   of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
+#
+# Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
+# on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
+# The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
+# or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
+# last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
+# the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
+# but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
+# than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
+#   1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
+#   1996: 31 March to 27 October
+#   1997: 30 March to 26 October
+#
+# - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
+#
+# Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
+# Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
+# Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
+# on the subject.
 #
-# With that, I rest my case Milud :-)
+# - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
+#   of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
 #
-# Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
-# the dusty old statutes, and to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
-# who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
-# why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter).
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (November 18, 1993)
-#
-# Here is a revised version of my tabrules file for the perl script I sent
-# before. I have personally verified the various Orders back to 1953 and
-# all the Acts.
-#
-# There are no changes to the dates we already have.
-#
-# My doubt about an early start in 1967 on 18 Feb was misplaced, the Order
-# does say 18 Feb. This is an interesting case as the first Order gave a
-# different date of 7 April 1967 for the Isle of Man but this was changed
-# before it came into effect by another Order for the Isle of Man alone.
-#
-# I don't think I will be able to find any more of the earlier Orders.
-# The annual volumes for 1949--52 do not contain the various Summer Time
-# Orders. They therefore don't appear in the index. They rate a mention in
-# italics in the numerical list at the start but that is all.
-# I think what happens is that the annual volume is produced well after the
-# end of the year in question, by which time the Summer Time Order is spent.
-# They assume that nobody would ever be stupid enough to want to see it
-# again so they leave it out.
-#
-# It might be a good idea to put this table, or the output of tabscript
-# showing all the moves because of Easter, in the europe file comments in
-# place of my old transcription of the Green Paper table [the UK Government
-# paper "Summer Time: A Consultation Document" (HMSO Cm722 June 1989)].
-#
-# The next thing on the horizon is the 7th EC/EU directive and the matching
-# UK Order. I expect I will keep quiet until then.
-#
-#
-# 		Peter Ilieve		peter@memex.co.uk
-#
-#
-# ## control file for tabscript, a program to generate UK summer time dates
-# ## matching the table in Cm 722, the 1989 Green Paper.
-# ## Lines like this are comments.
-# ## Lines with a single # at the start are copied into the output
-# ## Control lines are of the form
-# ## <years> <start date> <end date> <flags> <double start> <double end>
-# ## <years> is either a single year or a hyphen separated range, with --
-# ## also accepted as I use this in TeX a lot.
-# ## <start date> and <end date> are a digit followed bu a month name.
-# ## It is either an nth Saturday or an explicit date, depending on <flags>.
-# ## 0 and/or none are used when there is no date, as during 1968--71.
-# ## <flags> can contain `fixed' to indicate explicit dates and `double'
-# ## to indicate double summer time dates are present.
-# ## At present double requires fixed as well.
-# ## <double start> and <double end> are like the start and end dates, with
-# ## the exception of the 0 and/or none feature.
-#
-# ## Blank lines are also ignored.
-#
-# ## Places where I am uncertain, not having personally verified the dates
-# ## against the Act or Order, are marked ???
-# ## These dates are taken from the Cm 722 table.
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1916
-# 1916 21 May 1 October fixed
-#
-# ## I haven't yet looked for Orders for 1916--22 and I doubt I will find them.
-# # unknown Order or Orders ???
-# 1917 8 apr 17 sep fixed
-# 1918 24 mar 30 sep fixed
-# 1919 30 mar 29 sep fixed
-# # end date extended in 1920 from 27 Sep because of coal strike (from Cm 722)
-# 1920 28 mar 25 oct fixed
-# 1921 3 apr 3 oct fixed
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1922
-# # came into force 22 July 1922, too late for 1922, so missing Order ???
-# 1922 26 mar 8 oct fixed
-# 1923-1924 3 April 3 September
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1925--1938 3 April 1 October
-#
-# # Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939
-# 1939 3 April 3 November
-# # 1940 amendment (SR&O 1940 Nos. 172 & 1883)
-# 1940 4 feb 0 none
-# # 1941 amendment (SR&O 1941 No. 476)
-# 1941 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 may 10 aug
-# # 1942 amendment (SR&O 1942 No. 506)
-# 1942 0 none 0 none fixed,double 5 apr 9 aug
-# 1943 0 none 0 none fixed,double 4 apr 15 aug
-# # 1944 amendment (SR&O 1944 No. 932)
-# 1944 0 none 0 none fixed,double 2 apr 17 sep
-# # 1945 dates from Hansard, Oral Answers, 1 March 1945
-# 1945 0 none 7 oct fixed,double 2 apr 15 jul
-#
-# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1946 3 April 1 October
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1947
-# # Fixed dates for 1947 only, gives power to have double summer time
-# 1947 16 mar 2 nov fixed,double 13 apr 10 aug
-# ## I can't find any trace of the Order for 1948.
-# # Unknown Order ???
-# 1948 14 mar 31 oct fixed
-# ## I know the numbers for the 1949--52 ones but the text is missing from the
-# ## annual volumes. I also don't know if the 49 Order was for 49 or 50, etc.
-# # Summer Time Order, 1949 (SI1949/373) ???
-# 1949 3 apr 30 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1950 (SI1950/518) ???
-# 1950 16 apr 22 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1951 (SI1951/430) ???
-# 1951 15 apr 21 oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1952 (SI1952/451) ???
-# 1952 20 apr 26 oct fixed
-#
-# # reversion to Summer Time Act, 1925
-# 1953--1960 3 April 1 October
-#
-# ## All Orders from here on specify fixed dates, not day after nth Sunday
-# ## Start pattern looks like Mar lastSun up to 1963, Mar Sun>=19 up to 1967.
-# ## End pattern looks like Oct Sun>=23 up to 1967.
-# # Summer Time Order, 1961 (SI1961/71)
-# 1961 26 March 29 October fixed
-# # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (SI1961/2465)
-# 1962 25 Mar 28 Oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1963 (SI1963/81)
-# 1963 31 March 27 October fixed
-# # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (SI1963/2101)
-# 1964 22 March 25 October fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1964 (SI1964/1201)
-# 1965 21 Mar 24 Oct fixed
-# 1966 20 Mar 23 Oct fixed
-# 1967 19 Mar 29 Oct fixed
-# # Summer Time Order, 1967 (SI1967/1148)
-# # Specifies different start date of 7 April for Isle of Man
-# # Summer Time Order, 1968 (SI1968/117)
-# # Changes Isle of Man start date to 18 Feb to match rest of UK
-# # British Standard Time Act, 1968
-# 1968 18 feb 0 none fixed
-# 1969--1970 0 none 0 none
-# 1971 0 none 31 oct fixed
-#
-# # Summer Time Act, 1972
-# 1972-1980 3 March 4 October
-#
-# # The pattern here looks like Last Sun in Mar, day after 4th Sat in Oct
-# # First EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1980 (SI1980/1089)
-# 1981    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
-# 1982    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
-# # Second EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1982 (SI1982/1673)
-# 1983    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
-# 1984    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
-# 1985    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
-# # Third EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1986 (SI1986/223)
-# 1986    30 Mar  26 Oct fixed
-# 1987    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
-# 1988    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
-# # Fourth EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1988 (SI1988/931)
-# 1989    26 Mar  29 Oct fixed
-# # Fifth EC Directive ???
-# # Summer Time Order, 1989 (SI1989/985)
-# 1990    25 Mar  28 Oct fixed
-# 1991    31 Mar  27 Oct fixed
-# 1992    29 Mar  25 Oct fixed
-# # Sixth EC Directive
-# # Summer Time Order, 1992 (SI1992/1729)
-# 1993    28 Mar  24 Oct fixed
-# 1994    27 Mar  23 Oct fixed
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (June 8, 1994):
-# The European Union bureaucracy has edged a step closer to a 7th Directive
-# on summer-time arrangements.  I have the text of a Common Position
-# (EC No 9/94) and a statement of the Council's reasons dated 4 March 94,
-# reported in the Official Journal of the EC, No. C 137/38--41....
-# The dates again:
-# Year	 Start		End		End (UK & Eire, 1995 only)
-# (rule) (last Sun)	(last Sun)	(4th Sun)
-# 1995	26 March	24 September	22 October
-# 1996	31 March	27 October
-# 1997	30 March	26 October
-
-# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (March 28, 1994):
-# The UK/Eire end date of 22 October [1995] conflicts with your current rule of
-# Oct Sun>=23, and the historical UK formula of Sun after 4th Sat.
-# The last time 4th Sun and Sun after 4th Sat differed was in 1989,
-# when 29 October was used.  That year was covered by a UK Summer Time Order
-# for only a single year and it looks as though there was a matching 4th EC
-# directive for just this year.  I don't have the text of the 5th EC
-# directive (for 1990--92) but my guess would be it said 4th Sun.
-# To maintain strict historical accuracy you could start a new UK ending rule
-# of Oct Sun>=22 in 1990.
-
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (November 18, 1993):
-#
-# As Ilieve remarks, the date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
+# Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
+# rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
+#   1998: 29 March to 25 October
+#   1999: 28 March to 31 October
+#   2000: 26 March to 29 October
+#   2001: 25 March to 28 October
+#
+# <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
+# - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
+# </a>
+#
+# Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
+# Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.
+
+# From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
+#
+# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
+# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
+# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
+# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
+# </a>.
+
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
+#
+# The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday.  Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
@@ -606,384 +719,473 @@
 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
 #
 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
-#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight savings time until
+#     * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
 #	1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
 #     * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
 # It actually just had one transition.
-#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight savings time throughout WW II.
+#     * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
+#     * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
+# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
+# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
 #
-# The following claim by Shanks is possible though doubtful;
-# we'll ignore it for now.
+# The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
+# we'll ignore them for now.
 #     * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
-#	to daylight savings time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
+#	to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
 #	conform with Great Britain.
+#     * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
+#
 #
 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
 
+# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
+# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
+# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
+# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
+# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
+# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
+# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	GB-Eire 1847	only	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	GMT
-# 1916 to 1925--irregular
+# Summer Time Act, 1916
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	May	21	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
 Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
 Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Mar	24	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1918	only	-	Sep	30	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
 Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1919	only	-	Sep	29	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
 Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Mar	28	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
 Rule	GB-Eire	1920	only	-	Oct	25	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1922
 Rule	GB-Eire	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	2:00s	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1923	1924	-	Sep	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	13	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# 1925 to 1939 start--regular, except for avoiding Easter
+Rule	GB-Eire	1924	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1926	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1925
 Rule	GB-Eire	1925	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1927	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1928	1929	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	13	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1930	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1931	1932	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1933	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1934	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1935	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1936	1937	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1938	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# 1939 end to 1947--irregular, and with double summer time
-Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	19	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	25	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	DST
+# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
+Rule	GB-Eire	1939	only	-	Nov	Sun>=16	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
+Rule	GB-Eire	1940	only	-	Feb	Sun>=23	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
+Rule	GB-Eire	1941	only	-	May	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1941	1943	-	Aug	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	DST
+# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
+Rule	GB-Eire	1942	1944	-	Apr	Sun>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
 Rule	GB-Eire	1944	only	-	Sep	Sun>=16	1:00s	1:00	BST
-# Double daylight starts on a Monday in 1945--see above.
-Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	1:00s	2:00	DST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	15	1:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	GMT
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Apr	Mon>=2	1:00s	2:00	BDST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	only	-	Jul	Sun>=9	1:00s	1:00	BST
+# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
+Rule	GB-Eire	1945	1946	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1946	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The Summer Time Act, 1947
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Mar	16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	DST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Apr	13	1:00s	2:00	BDST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Aug	10	1:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1947	only	-	Nov	 2	2:00s	0	GMT
-# So much for double saving time.  1948 and 1949, irregular.
+# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1948	1949	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1948	only	-	Oct	31	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Apr	 3	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# 1950 through start of 1953, regular.
-Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1953	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1949	only	-	Oct	30	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
+# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
+# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Apr	Sun>=14	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1950	1952	-	Oct	Sun>=21	2:00s	0	GMT
-# 1954 to 1980, starting rules
-Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
+Rule	GB-Eire	1953	only	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	GMT
+Rule	GB-Eire	1954	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1955	1956	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1957	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
 Rule	GB-Eire	1958	1959	-	Apr	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1960	only	-	Apr	Sun>=9	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
+# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
+# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1963	-	Mar	lastSun	2:00s	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1968	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
+# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
+# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
 Rule	GB-Eire	1964	1967	-	Mar	Sun>=19	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1968	only	-	Feb	18	2:00s	1:00	BST
+# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
+#	(no summer time)
+# The Summer Time Act, 1972
 Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Mar	Sun>=16	2:00s	1:00	BST
-# 1953 to 1980, ending rules
-Rule	GB-Eire	1953	1960	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1961	1967	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
-Rule	GB-Eire	1971	only	-	Oct	31	3:00	0	GMT
 Rule	GB-Eire	1972	1980	-	Oct	Sun>=23	2:00s	0	GMT
-# Current rules
-Rule	GB-Eire	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	BST
-Rule	GB-Eire	1981	max	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00s	0	GMT
-# Under the 7th EU proposal, replace the above line with the following three:
-#Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00s	0	GMT
-#Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00s	0	GMT
-#Rule	GB-Eire 1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	1:00s	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
+# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
+# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
+# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
+Rule	GB-Eire	1981	1995	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00u	1:00	BST
+Rule	GB-Eire 1981	1989	-	Oct	Sun>=23	1:00u	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
+# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
+# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
+Rule	GB-Eire 1990	1995	-	Oct	Sun>=22	1:00u	0	GMT
+# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
+# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 Sep 22
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Feb 18 2:00
-			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
-			-0:25:21 1:00	DST	1916 Oct  1 3:00
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Feb 18 2:00
-			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 3:00
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s   # Irish Summer Time
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
-			-0:25:21 1:00	DST	1916 Oct  1 3:00
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1940 Feb 25 2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	BST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
+			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1946 Oct  6 2:00
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1947 Mar 16 2:00
-			 0:00	1:00	BST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
+			 0:00	1:00	IST	1947 Nov  2 2:00
 			 0:00	-	GMT	1948 Apr 18 2:00
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Feb 18 2:00
-			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 3:00
-			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1968 Oct 27
+			 1:00	-	IST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
+			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1996
+			 0:00	EU	GMT/IST
 
 ###############################################################################
 
 # Continental Europe
 
-Rule	W-Eur	1800	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	" DST"
+# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
+# Common Market, etc.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	EU	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EU	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+Rule	EU	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00u	1:00	S
+Rule	EU	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00u	0	-
+
+# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
+Rule	W-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	W-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
 Rule	W-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00s	0	-
-Rule	W-Eur	1979	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
-Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	" DST"
-
-Rule	M-Eur	1800	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	M-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	M-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-# Shanks says DST was continuous from 1940 Apr 1 to 1942 Nov 2; go with Whitman.
-Rule	M-Eur	1940	only	-	Dec	31	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1941	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	M-Eur	1941	only	-	Oct	 5	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1942	only	-	Jan	 1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	M-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	M-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	W-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	W-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	W-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
+
+# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
+# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
+Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1917	1918	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1940	only	-	Apr	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
-Rule	M-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	M-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1979	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-# Under the 7th EU proposal, replace the above line with the following two:
-#Rule	M-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-#Rule	M-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	M-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-
-Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 3:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1944	only	-	Oct	 2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	C-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	C-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+
+# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
+Rule	E-Eur	1977	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	E-Eur	1977	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1979	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	E-Eur	1981	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	E-Eur	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Russia	1880	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	K
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	MST	# Moscow Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	MMT	# Moscow Mean Time
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	MDST	# Moscow Double Summer Time
+Rule	Russia	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	MST
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	MDST
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
-# From Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (November 12, 1993):
+# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	DD
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	K
-Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	K
-Rule	Russia	1984	max	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	K
-Rule	Russia	1985	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Mar	20	23:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
+Rule	Russia	1981	1984	-	Apr	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1981	1983	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
+# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
+Rule	Russia	1984	1991	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Russia	1985	1991	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+#
+Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Mar	lastSat	 23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1992	only	-	Sep	lastSat	 23:00	0	-
+Rule	Russia	1993	max	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Russia	1993	1995	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Russia	1996	max	-	Oct	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 
 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
 
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	WET		0:00	W-Eur	WET%s
-Zone	MET		1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
-Zone	EET		2:00	E-Eur	EET%s
-Zone	W-SU		3:00	M-Eur	????
+Zone	WET		0:00	EU	WE%sT
+Zone	CET		1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT
+Zone	MET		1:00	C-Eur	ME%sT
+Zone	EET		2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
-# Tom Hoffman says that MET is also known as Central European Time
+# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
+# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
+
+# From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
+# The official German names ... are
+#
+#	Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ)  = UTC+02:00
+#
+# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
+# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
+# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
+#
+#	Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
+#	Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
+#	Postfach 3345
+#	D-38023 Braunschweig
+#	phone: +49 531 592-0
+#
+# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
+# department for time and frequency transmission.  He explained that the
+# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
+#
+#	Central European Time (CET)         = UTC+01:00
+#	Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
 
-Link	MET	CET
 
 # Albania
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1940	only	-	Jun	16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Mar	29	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1943	only	-	Apr	10	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1974	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1975	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1976	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	May	 8	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1977	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	May	 6	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	May	 5	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1980	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Apr	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1981	only	-	Sep	27	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	May	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1982	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Albania	1983	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
+Rule	Albania	1984	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tirane	1:19:20 -	LMT	1914
-			1:00	-	MET	1940 Jun 16
-			1:00	Albania	MET%s	1985 Mar 31 1:00
-			1:00	W-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	-	CET	1940 Jun 16
+# The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995).
+			1:00	Albania	CE%sT	1984 Jul
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Andorra
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Andorra	0:06:04 -	LMT	1901
 			0:00	-	WET	1946 Sep 30
-			1:00	-	MET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	-	CET	1985 Mar 31 2:00
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Austria
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Austria	1918	only	-	Jun	16	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1920	only	-	Sep	13	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Austria	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Austria	1946	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Austria	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Austria	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vienna	1:05:20 -	LMT	1893 Apr
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1918 Jun 16 3:00
-			1:00	Austria	MET%s	1940 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00
-			1:00	Austria	MET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Jun 16 3:00
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1940 Apr  1 2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			1:00	Austria	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Belarus
+# Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995).
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Minsk	1:50:16 -	LMT	1880
-			2:31	Russia	LST%s	1919 Jul 1 2:00
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1922 Oct
+			1:50	-	MMT	1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994): A guess at recent dates:
-			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s
+			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 28
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul  3
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			2:00	-	EET	1992 Mar 29 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1992 Sep 27 2:00s
+			2:00	Russia	EE%sT
 
 # Belgium
-# Whitman and Shanks disagree; go with Shanks, usually.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
+# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
+#	Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
+#	Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
+#	(Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
+#	pp 8-9.
+# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
+#	Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
+# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
+# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
+# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
+# 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-# From Whitman:
-Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
-# Shanks gives 1920 Feb 14 23:00s; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Belgium	1920	1921	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Belgium	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-# Whitman gives 1927 Oct 1 2:00s and 1928 Oct 7 2:00s; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Belgium	1922	1928	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1929	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-# Whitman says 1937 Apr 18 2:00s; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-# Whitman says 1938 Apr 10 2:00s; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Belgium	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1922	1927	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1928	1938	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1929	only	-	Apr	21	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1930	only	-	Apr	13	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1931	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1932	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1933	only	-	Mar	26	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1934	only	-	Apr	 8	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1935	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1936	only	-	Apr	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1937	only	-	Apr	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1938	only	-	Mar	27	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Apr	16	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1939	only	-	Nov	19	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Belgium	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Belgium	1944	only	-	Sep	17	 2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	May	19	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Belgium	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:20 -	LMT	1880
-			0:17	-	BST	1892 May  1 12:00
-			0:00	-	WET	1914 Aug  4
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1919 Mar  1 23:00
-			0:00	Belgium	WET%s	1940 Feb 24 23:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2  2:00
-			1:00	Belgium	MET%s	1977 Apr  3  2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+Zone	Europe/Brussels	0:17:30 -	LMT	1880
+			0:17:30	-	BMT	1892 May  1 12:00 # Brussels MT
+			0:00	-	WET	1914 Nov  8
+			1:00	-	CET	1916 May  1  0:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Nov 11 11:00u
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 20  2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep  3
+			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Sarajevo	1:13:40	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	MET	1983 Mar 27  2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+# see Yugoslavia
 
 # Bulgaria
-# Part switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1915 Nov 14;
-# the rest switched on 1920 Sep 17.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Mar	31	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1979	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat<=7	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Bulg	1980	1982	-	Apr	Sat<=7	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Bulg	1980	only	-	Sep	29	 1:00	0	-
 Rule	Bulg	1981	only	-	Sep	27	 2:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Sofia	1:33:16 -	LMT	1880
-			1:57	-	TST	1894 Nov 30
+			1:56:56	-	IMT	1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
 			2:00	-	EET	1942 Nov  2  3:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2  3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  3:00
 			2:00	-	EET	1979 Mar 31 23:00
-			2:00	Bulg	EET%s	1982 Sep 26  2:00
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			2:00	Bulg	EE%sT	1982 Sep 26  2:00
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
 
 # Croatia
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Zagreb	1:03:52	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	MET	1983 Mar 27  2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+# see Yugosloavia
 
 # Czech Republic
+# Gregorian calendar adopted 1584-01-17.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Czech	1944	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Apr	 8	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Czech	1946	only	-	May	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Czech	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Czech	1947	only	-	Apr	20	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Czech	1949	only	-	Apr	 9	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Prague	0:57:44 -	LMT	1850
-			0:58	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
-			1:00	Czech	MET%s	1979 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			0:57:44	-	PMT	1891 Oct     # Prague Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 17 2:00s
+			1:00	Czech	CE%sT	1979
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
-# Denmark
+# Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
+# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1916	only	-	Sep	30	23:00	0	-
-Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Denmark	1940	only	-	May	15	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1945	only	-	Aug	15	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	May	 1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1946	only	-	Sep	 1	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	May	 4	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1947	only	-	Aug	10	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	May	 9	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
@@ -991,212 +1193,272 @@ Rule	Denmark	1948	only	-	Aug	 8	 2:00s	0	-
 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Copenhagen	 0:50:20 -	LMT	1890
-			 0:50	-	CMT	1894 Apr  # Copenhagen Mean Time
-			 1:00	Denmark	MET%s	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			 1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00
-			 1:00	Denmark	MET%s	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			 1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			 0:50:20 -	CMT	1894 Apr  # Copenhagen Mean Time
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			 1:00	Denmark	CE%sT	1980
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908 Jan 11	# Torshavn
-			 0:00	-	WET	1981 Mar 29 1:00
-			 0:00	W-Eur	WET%s
-Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
-			-2:00	-	MGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			-2:00	M-Eur	MGT%s	1981 Mar 29
-			-1:00	M-Eur	EGT%s
-Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
+			 0:00	-	WET	1981
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
+# and left the EU on 1985-02-01.  It therefore should have been using EU
+# rules at least through 1984.  Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
+# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
+# rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
+
+#
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+#
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
+			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
+			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
+			-1:00	EU	EG%sT
+Zone America/Godthab	-3:26:56 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
 			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			-3:00	M-Eur	WGT%s
-Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
-			-4:00	-	AST
+			-3:00	EU	WG%sT
+Zone America/Thule	-4:35:08 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
+			-4:00	Thule	A%sT
 
 # Estonia
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
+# From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
+# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
+# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
+# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
+#
+# From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
+# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
+# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
+# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
+# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
+# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
+# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
+# human physiology.  It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
+# summer time next spring.''
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Tallinn	1:39:00	-	LMT	1880
-			1:39	-	LST	1918 Feb
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1919 Jul
-			1:39	-	LST	1921 May
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1919 Jul
+			1:39:00	-	TMT	1921 May
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  6
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Sep 15
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Sep 22
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Sep 22
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep 24 2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Finland
+# See Sweden for when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
+#
+# From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
+# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
+# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
+#
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
+# Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
+# Go with Strang instead.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Finland	1921	only	-	May	1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Apr	3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Finland	1942	only	-	Oct	3	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Helsinki	1:39:52 -	LMT	1878 May 31
-			1:40	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
-			2:00	Finland	EET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			1:39:52	-	HMT	1921 May    # Helsinki Mean Time
+			2:00	Finland	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # France
+# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-12-20.
+# French Revolutionary calendar used 1793-11-24 through 1805-12-31,
+# and (in Paris only) 1871-05-06 through 1871-05-23.
+#
 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
 # From Shanks (1991):
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	France	1911	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	France	1916	only	-	Jun	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1916	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	23:00s	0	-
+Rule	France	1917	only	-	Mar	24	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1920	only	-	Oct	23	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	France	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1921	only	-	Oct	25	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	France	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1922	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	France	1923	only	-	May	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1925	only	-	Apr	 4	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1930	only	-	Apr	12	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1933	only	-	Mar	25	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	France	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	France	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
-Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 0:00	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	France	1943	only	-	Nov	 4	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	" DDST"
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	May	 5	 0:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+# Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
+# but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
+# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
+# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
+Rule	France	1941	only	-	Oct	 6	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1942	only	-	Mar	 9	 0:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Mar	29	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1944	only	-	Apr	 3	 2:00	2:00	M
+Rule	France	1944	only	-	Oct	 8	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	 2:00	2:00	M
 Rule	France	1945	only	-	Sep	16	 3:00	0	-
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com) (November 18, 1993):
-# Shanks gives no times for 1975, but according to Cm722,
-# France introduced summer time in 1975 from 20 March to 22 September.
-Rule	France	1975	only	-	Mar	20	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1975	only	-	Sep	22	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
-# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05.
+# Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
+# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
+Rule	France	1976	only	-	Mar	28	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	France	1976	only	-	Sep	26	 1:00	0	-
+# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
+# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
+# Go with Howse.  Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
+# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:05 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15 0:01
-			0:09:05	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	France	WET%s	1940 Jun 14
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Aug 25
-			0:00	France	WET%s	1945 Sep 16 3:00
-			1:00	France	MET%s	1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
+# Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1940 Jun 14 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug 25
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16  3:00
+			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Germany
+
+# From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
+# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
+# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
+#
+#	<a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
+#	Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
+#	</a>
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	24	2:00	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	24	3:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
+# the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
+# (1961-11-25), which gives dates only.  Guess 3:00 transition times.
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	May	31	3:00	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Sep	23	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Germany	1945	only	-	Nov	18	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-# Whitman gives 1948 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Germany	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Apr	14	2:00s	1:00	S
+# Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB.
+Rule	Germany	1946	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Germany	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Apr	 6	2:00s	1:00	S
+# The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
+# go with Shanks.
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	May	11	2:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Germany	1947	only	-	Jun	29	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1948	only	-	Apr	18	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Germany	1949	only	-	Apr	10	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Berlin	0:53:28 -	LMT	1893 Apr
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr 2 2:00
-			1:00	Germany	MET%s	1980 Apr 6 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr 2 2:00
+			1:00	Germany	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Gibraltar
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Gibraltar	-0:21:24 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
 			0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1957 Apr 14 2:00
-			1:00	-	MET	1982 Mar 28 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	-	CET	1982
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Greece
-# They adopted the Julian calendar in 1846.
-# Part switched to the Gregorian calendar on 1916 Jul 28.
-# The rest switched on 1920 Mar 18.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Greece	1916	only	-	July	28	0:01	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Jul	 7	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1932	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1941	only	-	Apr	 7	0:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Greece	1942	only	-	Nov	 2	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1943	only	-	Oct	 4	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1952	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Apr	12	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1975	only	-	Nov	26	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Apr	11	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1976	only	-	Oct	10	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1977	only	-	Sep	26	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Greece	1978	only	-	Sep	24	4:00	0	-
-Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Apr	 1	9:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1979	only	-	Sep	29	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Greece	1980	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Athens	1:34:52 -	LMT	1895 Sep 14
-			1:35	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
-			2:00	Greece	EET%s	1941 Apr 30
-			1:00	Greece	MET%s	1944 Apr  4
-			2:00	Greece	EET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			1:34:52	-	AMT	1916 Jul 28 0:01     # Athens MT
+			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1941 Apr 30
+			1:00	Greece	CE%sT	1944 Apr  4
+			2:00	Greece	EE%sT	1981
+			# Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
+			# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Hungary
+# Gregorian calendar adopted 1587-11-01.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Apr	 1	 3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1918	only	-	Sep	29	 3:00	0	-
+Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Apr	15	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1919	only	-	Sep	15	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Apr	 5	 3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1920	only	-	Sep	30	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	May	 1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1945	only	-	Nov	 3	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1946	only	-	Mar	31	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1946	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=4	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Apr	17	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1950	only	-	Oct	23	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	May	23	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1954	1955	-	Oct	 3	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1956	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Jun	Sun>=1	 1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Hungary	1957	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Hungary	1980	only	-	Apr	 6	 1:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1918 Jul
-			1:00	Hungary	MET%s	1941 Apr  6  2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  1 23:00
-			1:00	Hungary	MET%s	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1941 Apr  6  2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  1 23:00
+			1:00	Hungary	CE%sT	1980 Sep 28  2:00s
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Iceland
 #
-# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (November 6, 1993):
+# From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
 #
-# (December 5, 1993):
+# (1993-12-05):
 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
 # Iceland Almanak.
 #
@@ -1210,7 +1472,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland.  The first day of winter is always
 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
 #
-# (December 10, 1993):
+# (1993-12-10):
 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
@@ -1218,214 +1480,281 @@ Zone	Europe/Budapest	1:16:20 -	LMT	1890 Oct
 #	(old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
-# might mean something else (???). The Gregorian calendar was not introduced
-# in Iceland until 1700.
+# might mean something else (???).
 #
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (December 9, 1993):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Iceland	1908	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	S
-Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	S
-Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	S
-Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	S
-Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	S
-Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	S
-Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	S
+Rule	Iceland	1917	1918	-	Feb	19	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1917	only	-	Oct	21	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1918	only	-	Nov	16	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Apr	29	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1939	only	-	Nov	29	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Feb	25	 2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1940	only	-	Nov	 3	 2:00	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Mar	 2	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1941	only	-	Nov	 2	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Mar	 8	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1942	only	-	Oct	25	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
-Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	D
-Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	S
+Rule	Iceland	1943	1946	-	Mar	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Iceland	1943	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
-Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	D
+Rule	Iceland	1947	1967	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 1:00s	1:00	S
 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
-Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	S
-Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	S
-Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	S
+Rule	Iceland	1949	only	-	Oct	30	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1950	1966	-	Oct	Sun>=22	 1:00s	0	-
+Rule	Iceland	1967	only	-	Oct	29	 1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1837
-			-1:28	-	RMT	1908	   # Reykjavik Mean Time
-			-1:00	Iceland	I%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
+			-1:27:48 -	RMT	1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
+			-1:00	Iceland	IS%sT	1968 Apr 7 1:00s
 			 0:00	-	GMT
 
 # Italy
+# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
+# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
+# <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
+# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
+# </a>
+# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
+# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
+#
+# year	FP	Shanks (S)	Whitman (W)	Go with:
+# 1916	06-03	06-03 24:00	06-03 00:00	FP & W
+#	09-30	09-30 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1917	04-01	03-31 24:00	03-31 00:00	FP & S
+#	09-30	09-29 24:00	09-30 01:00	FP & W
+# 1918	03-09	03-09 24:00	03-09 00:00	FP & S
+#	10-06	10-05 24:00	10-06 01:00	FP & W
+# 1919	03-01	03-01 24:00	03-01 00:00	FP & S
+#	10-04	10-04 24:00	10-04 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1920	03-20	03-20 24:00	03-20 00:00	FP & S
+#	09-18	09-18 24:00	10-01 01:00	FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1944	04-02	04-03 02:00			S (see C-Eur)
+#	09-16	10-02 03:00			FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1945	09-14	09-16 24:00			FP; guess 24:00s
+# 1970	05-21	05-31 00:00			S
+#	09-20	09-27 00:00			S
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Italy	1893	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00s	0	S
-# Shanks gives transition times of 1916-1920 as 24:00; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1917	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	 9	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1918	only	-	Mar	10	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1918	1919	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	20	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
-# Shanks gives 1920 Sep 18; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	17	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1919	only	-	Mar	 2	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Mar	21	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1920	only	-	Sep	19	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1940	only	-	Jun	15	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1944	only	-	Sep	17	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1945	only	-	Sep	15	0:00s	0	-
+Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Mar	17	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1946	only	-	Oct	 6	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Mar	16	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1947	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Feb	29	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1948	only	-	Oct	 3	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1966	1968	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1966	1969	-	Sep	Sun>=22	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1969	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	May	31	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1970	only	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1971	1972	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1971	only	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1972	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1973	1974	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1974	only	-	May	26	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1975	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1975	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Italy	1976	only	-	May	30	0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Italy	1977	1979	-	May	Sun>=22	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Italy	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Italy	1979	only	-	Sep	30	0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Rome	0:49:56 -	LMT	1866 Sep 22
-			0:50	-	RMT	1893 Nov	# Rome Mean Time
-			1:00	Italy	MET%s	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
-			1:00	Italy	MET%s	1980 Apr  6 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
-# Vatican is identical to Europe/Rome; San Marino is like Europe/Rome.
+			0:49:56	-	RMT	1893 Nov	# Rome Mean Time
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Jul
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/Vatican
+Link	Europe/Rome	Europe/San_Marino
 
 # Latvia
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
+
+# From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
+
+# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
+# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
+# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
+# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
+#
+# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
+# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
+# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
+#
+# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
+# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
+# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
+# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
+# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
+#
+# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
+# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
+# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
+# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
+# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
+# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward.  The end of
+# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
+# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
+# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
+#
+# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
+# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
+# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
+
+# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Latvia	1989	1996	-	Sep	lastSun	 2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Riga	1:36:24	-	LMT	1880
-			1:36	-	LST	1918 Apr 15 2:00
-			1:36	M-Eur	LST%s	1919 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:36	1:00  "LST DST"	1919 May 22 3:00
-			1:36	-	LST	1926 May 11
+			1:36:24	-	RMT	1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
+			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
+			1:36:24	-	RMT	1919 Apr  1 2:00
+			1:36:24	1:00	LST	1919 May 22 3:00
+			1:36:24	-	RMT	1926 May 11
 			2:00	-	EET	1940 Aug  5
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jul
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Aug  8
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct 13
+			# Shanks says 1944-08-08, but
+			# Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13.
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
+			2:00	Latvia	EE%sT	1997 Jan 21
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 
 # Liechtenstein
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vaduz	0:38:04 -	LMT	1894 Jun
-			1:00	-	MET	1981 Mar 29 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	-	CET	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Lithuania
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Feb 15.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Vilnius	1:41:16	-	LMT	1880
-			1:24	-	LST	1917		# Kaunas
-			1:36	-	LST	1919 Oct 10
-			1:00	-	MET	1920 Jul 12
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1917	    # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:35:36	-	KMT	1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
+			1:00	-	CET	1920 Jul 12
 			2:00	-	EET	1920 Oct  9
-			1:00	-	MET	1940 Aug  3
+			1:00	-	CET	1940 Aug  3
 			3:00	-	MSK	1941 Jun 24
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Aug
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Aug
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1998
+			2:00	-	EET	1998 Mar 29 1:00u
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
+# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
+# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
+
+# From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
+# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
+# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
 
 # Luxembourg
 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Lux	1904	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	May	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Apr	28	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1917	only	-	Sep	17	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Apr	Mon>=15	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1918	only	-	Sep	Mon>=15	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1919	only	-	Oct	 5	 3:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1920	only	-	Oct	24	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Mar	14	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1921	only	-	Oct	26	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Mar	25	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1922	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Apr	21	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1923	only	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 2:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1924	only	-	Mar	29	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Lux	1924	1928	-	Oct	Sun>=2	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Lux	1925	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Lux	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Luxembourg	0:24:36 -	LMT	1904 Jun
-			1:00	Lux	MET%s	1918 Nov 25
-			0:00	Lux	WET%s	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
-			0:00	Belgium	WET%s	1940 May 14 3:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	WET%s	1944 Sep 18 3:00
-			1:00	Belgium	MET%s	1979 Apr  1 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	Lux	CE%sT	1918 Nov 25
+			0:00	Lux	WE%sT	1929 Oct  6 2:00s
+			0:00	Belgium	WE%sT	1940 May 14 3:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	WE%sT	1944 Sep 18 3:00
+			1:00	Belgium	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Macedonia
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Skopje	1:25:44	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	MET	1983 Mar 27  2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+# see Yugoslavia
 
 # Malta
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Mar	31	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1973	only	-	Sep	29	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Apr	21	0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1974	only	-	Sep	16	0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Malta	1975	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=15	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Malta	1975	1980	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00	0	-
-Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Malta	1980	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Malta	0:58:04 -	LMT	1893 Nov  2	# Valletta
-			1:00	Italy	MET%s	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
-			1:00	Italy	MET%s	1973 Mar 31
-			1:00	Malta	MET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1942 Nov  2 2:00s
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00s
+			1:00	Italy	CE%sT	1973 Mar 31
+			1:00	Malta	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Moldova
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1919 Mar 18.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Chisinau	1:55:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
 
 # Monaco
-# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Whitman's more precise 0:09:05.
+# Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Monaco	0:29:32 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15
-			0:09:05	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
-			0:00	France	WET%s	1945 Sep 16 3:00
-			1:00	France	MET%s	1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			0:09:21	-	PMT	1911 Mar 11    # Paris Mean Time
+			0:00	France	WE%sT	1945 Sep 16 3:00
+			1:00	France	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Netherlands
+# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
+# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Neth	1892	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	AMT
 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST
-Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	May	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST	# Netherlands Summer Time
+Rule	Neth	1916	only	-	Oct	 2	2:00s	0	AMT	# Amsterdam Mean Time
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Apr	16	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1917	only	-	Sep	17	2:00s	0	AMT
 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
@@ -1433,7 +1762,7 @@ Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Apr	Mon>=1	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1918	1921	-	Sep	Mon>=24	2:00s	0	AMT
 Rule	Neth	1922	only	-	Mar	26	2:00s	1:00	NST
 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Neth	1922	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
+Rule	Neth	1922	1936	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	AMT
 Rule	Neth	1923	only	-	Jun	 1	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1924	only	-	Mar	30	2:00s	1:00	NST
 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
@@ -1443,484 +1772,593 @@ Rule	Neth	1926	1931	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1932	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1933	1936	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
 Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	May	22	2:00s	1:00	NST
+Rule	Neth	1937	only	-	Jul	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=2	2:00s	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	NST
-Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	-
-Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	May	20	2:00s	0	" DST"
+Rule	Neth	1938	1939	-	May	15	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	May	20	2:00s	0	-
 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:28 -	LMT	1892 May
 			0:19:28	Neth	%s	1937 Jul
-			0:20	Neth	%s	1940 May 16 0:40
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2 2:00
-			1:00	Neth	MET%s	1977 Apr Sun>=1 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:40
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
+			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Norway
+# Gregorian calendar adopted 1700-03-01.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Norway	1892	only	-	May	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	May	22	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1916	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	-
 # Shanks omits the following transition; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Norway	1935	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Norway	1935	only	-	Aug	11	0:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman says DST observed until 1942 Nov 1, then 1943 Mar 29 - Oct 4,
 # 1944 Apr 3 - Oct 2, and 1945 Apr 1 - Oct 1; go with Shanks after 1940.
-Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1945	only	-	Oct	 1	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Norway	1959	1964	-	Mar	Sun>=15	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Norway	1959	1965	-	Sep	Sun>=15	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Norway	1965	only	-	Apr	25	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Oslo	0:43:00 -	LMT	1895
-			1:00	Norway	MET%s	1940 Aug 10 23:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 Apr  2  2:00
-			1:00	Norway	MET%s	1980 Apr  6  2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
-# Svalbard is like Europe/Oslo.
-#
+			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1940 Aug 10 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2  2:00
+			1:00	Norway	CE%sT	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+
+# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
+Link	Europe/Oslo	Arctic/Longyearbyen
 # From Whitman:
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen	-1:00	-	EGT
 
 # Poland
-# Austrian and German Poland switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
-# on 1582 Oct 15.  Russian Poland switched on 1918 Jan 14.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Poland	1918	1919	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Poland	1919	only	-	Apr	15	2:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Poland	1944	only	-	Oct	 4	2:00	0	-
 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Apr	29	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Apr	14	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1946	only	-	Sep	 7	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Poland	1947	only	-	May	 4	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1947	1948	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Poland	1948	only	-	Apr	18	0:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Poland	1957	only	-	Jun	 2	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1957	1958	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
-Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Poland	1958	only	-	Mar	30	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1959	only	-	May	31	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1959	1961	-	Oct	Sun>=1	1:00s	0	-
-Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	Sun>=25	1:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Poland	1960	only	-	Apr	 3	1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Poland	1961	1964	-	May	Sun>=25	1:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Poland	1962	1964	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Warsaw	1:24:00 -	LMT	1880
-			1:24	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1918 Sep 16 3:00
-			2:00	Poland	EET%s	1922 Jun
-			1:00	Poland	MET%s	1940 Jun 23 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1944 Oct
-			1:00	Poland	MET%s	1977 Apr  3 1:00
-			1:00	W-Eur	MET%s
+			1:24:00	-	WMT	1915 Aug  5   # Warsaw Mean Time
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1918 Sep 16 3:00
+			2:00	Poland	EE%sT	1922 Jun
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1940 Jun 23 2:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1944 Oct
+			1:00	Poland	CE%sT	1977 Apr  3 1:00
+			1:00	W-Eur	CE%sT
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
+# <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
+# http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
+# </a>
+# says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
+# Stick with W-Eur for now.
 
 # Portugal
+# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
+#
+# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
+# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
+# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
+#
+# Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
+# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
+# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
+# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
+# at 02:00u, not 01:00u.  Assume that these are typos.
+# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
+# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
+# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
+# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
+#
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Port	1911	only	-	May	24	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Jun	17	23:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Port	1916	only	-	Nov	 1	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1917	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1917	1921	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1918	only	-	Mar	 1	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1919	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1920	only	-	Feb	29	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1921	only	-	Feb	28	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1924	only	-	Oct	14	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1931	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Port	1931	1932	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1932	only	-	Apr	 2	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1934	only	-	Apr	 7	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Port	1934	1938	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1935	only	-	Mar	30	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1936	only	-	Apr	18	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1937	only	-	Apr	 3	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1938	only	-	Mar	26	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Port	1939	only	-	Nov	18	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1940	only	-	Feb	24	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
 Rule	Port	1940	1941	-	Oct	 5	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1941	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Mar	Sat>=8	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Apr	25	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Port	1942	only	-	Aug	15	22:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1942	1945	-	Oct	Sat>=24	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1943	only	-	Apr	17	22:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Port	1943	1945	-	Aug	Sat>=25	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1944	1945	-	Apr	Sat>=21	22:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Apr	Sat>=1	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1946	only	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1947	1949	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1951	1965	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 2:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Mar	27	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1977	only	-	Sep	25	 0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1978	1979	-	Apr	Sun>=1	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Port	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00s	0	-
 Rule	Port	1979	1982	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00s	0	-
-Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Port	1980	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	 1:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Port	1983	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 2:00s	1:00	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
-			-0:37	-	LMT	1911 May 24   # Lisbon Mean Time
-			 0:00	Port	WET%s	1966 Apr  3 2:00
-			 1:00	-	MET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
-			 0:00	Port	WET%s	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			 0:00	W-Eur	WET%s	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
-# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (November 12, 1992):
-# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
-# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
-# We don't know what happened to Madeira or the Azores,
-# so we'll just use Shanks for now.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+			-0:36:32 -	LMT	1911 May 24   # Lisbon Mean Time
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00
+			 1:00	-	CET	1976 Sep 26 1:00
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
+			 0:00	W-Eur	WE%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
 			-1:55	-	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
-			-2:00	Port	ACT%s	1966 Apr  3 2:00
-			-1:00	-	ACT	1977 Mar 27
-			-1:00	-	ACT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			-1:00	W-Eur	ACT%s
+			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
+			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
+			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
+			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
 			-1:08	-	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
-			-1:00	Port	ACT%s	1966 Apr  3 2:00
-			 0:00	-	WET	1977 Mar 27
-			 0:00	Port	WET%s	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
-			 0:00	W-Eur	WET%s
-
-# Slovakia
-Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
+			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
+			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 
 # Romania
-# Catholic Romania switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on
-# on 1919 Mar 18.  Greek Orthodox Romania switched on 1920 Mar 18.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Romania	1931	only	-	Jul	24	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Romania	1932	only	-	May	21	 0:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1932	1939	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 0:00s	0	-
-Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Romania	1933	1939	-	Apr	Sun>=2	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	May	27	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1979	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Romania	1980	only	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
+Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Romania	1991	1993	-	Sep	lastSun	 0:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891 Oct
-			1:44	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
-			2:00	Romania	EET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			1:44:24	-	BMT	1931 Jul 24	# Bucharest MT
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1981 Mar 29 2:00s
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
+			2:00	Romania	EE%sT	1994
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT
 
 # Russia
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
-# Moscow and Novosibirsk time zone names, and Moscow rules after 1991,
-# are from Andrew A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su>.
-# I invented the other time zone names, and (unless otherwise specified)
-# guessed what happened after 1991; the clocks were chaotic, and we know little.
-# The rest is from Shanks.
+
+# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-12-02):
+# On 1929-10-01 the Soviet Union instituted an ``Eternal Calendar''
+# with 30-day months plus 5 holidays, with a 5-day week.
+# On 1931-12-01 it changed to a 6-day week; in 1934 it reverted to the
+# Gregorian calendar while retaining the 6-day week; on 1940-06-27 it
+# reverted to the 7-day week.  With the 6-day week the usual days
+# off were the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th and 30th of the month.
+# (Source: Evitiar Zerubavel, _The Seven Day Circle_)
+#
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
+# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
+# and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
+# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
+# are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
+#
+# From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
+# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
+# Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
+# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
+# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
+#
+# From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
+# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
+# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
+# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
 #
-# From Shanks (1991):
-# Western Russia switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar
-# on 1918 Jan 14.  Eastern Russia switched on 1920 Mar 18.
-# In 1929 the Soviet Union instituted a 5 day week; in 1932 it instituted
-# a 6 day week; on 1940 Jun 27 it returned to the Gregorian week.
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 - 	LMT	1893 Apr
+			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
+			 2:00	Poland	CET	1946
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1994
+# IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
+			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT
 Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 2:31	Russia	LST%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
-			 3:00	Russia	MS%s	1922 Oct
+			 2:30:20 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1922 Oct
 			 2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			 3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 			 2:00	-	EET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 3:00	Russia	MS%s
-Zone Europe/Kuybyshev	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 3:00	-	KSK	1957 Mar
-			 4:00	Russia	KS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 3:00	1:00	KSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 3:00	-	KSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 4:00	Russia	KS%s
+			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
+Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			 3:00	-	KUYT	1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
+			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 3:00	1:00	KUYST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 3:00	-	SAMT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
+			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT
 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:34 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 4:00	-	SSK	1957 Mar
-			 5:00	Russia	SS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 4:00	1:00	SSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 4:00	-	SSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 5:00	Russia	ES%s	# name change from Sverdlovsk
+			 4:00	-	SVET	1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
+			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 4:00	1:00	SVEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 4:00	-	SVET	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	# Yekaterinburg Time
 Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 5:00	-	OSK	1957 Mar
-			 6:00	Russia	OS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 5:00	1:00	OSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 5:00	-	OSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	OS%s
-# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (June 29, 1994):
+			 5:00	-	OMST	1957 Mar # Omsk Time
+			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 5:00	1:00	OMSST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 5:00	-	OMST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
-# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 6:00	-	NSK	1957 Mar
-			 7:00	Russia	NS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	1:00	NSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 6:00	-	NSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	NS%s	1994 Mar 27 2:00s
-			 6:00	1:00	NSD	1994 Sep 25 2:00s
-			 6:00	Russia	NS%s
-Zone Asia/Tomsk		 5:39:52 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 6:00	-	TSK	1957 Mar
-			 7:00	Russia	TS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 6:00	1:00	TSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 6:00	-	TSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 7:00	Russia	TS%s
+			 6:00	-	NOVT	1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
+			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 6:00	1:00	NOVST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 6:00	-	NOVT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1994 Mar 27 2:00s
+			 6:00	1:00	NOVST	1994 Sep 25 2:00s
+			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT
+Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1924 May  2
+			 6:00	-	KRAT	1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
+			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 6:00	1:00	KRAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 6:00	-	KRAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT
 Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
-			 6:57	-	LST	1924 May  2
-			 7:00	-	ISK	1957 Mar
-			 8:00	Russia	IS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 7:00	1:00	ISD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 7:00	-	ISK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 8:00	Russia	IS%s
+			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1924 May  2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
+			 7:00	-	IRKT	1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
+			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 7:00	1:00	IRKST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 7:00	-	IRKT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT
 Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			 8:00	-	YSK	1957 Mar
-			 9:00	Russia	YS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 8:00	1:00	YSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 8:00	-	YSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			 9:00	Russia	YS%s
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 8:00	1:00	YAKST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 8:00	-	YAKT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT
 Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1880
-			 8:48	-	LST	1924 May  2
-			 9:00	-	VSK	1957 Mar
-			10:00	Russia	VS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			 9:00	1:00	VSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			 9:00	-	VSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			10:00	Russia	VS%s
-# MSK is taken; settle for GSK.
+			 8:47:44 -	VMT	1924 May  2 # Vladivostok MT
+			 9:00	-	VLAT	1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			 9:00	1:00	VLAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			 9:00	-	VLAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			10:00	-	GSK	1957 Mar
-			11:00	Russia	GS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			10:00	1:00	GSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			10:00	-	GSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			11:00	Russia	GS%s
+			10:00	-	MAGT	1957 Mar # Magadan Time
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			10:00	1:00	MAGST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			10:00	-	MAGT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT
 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			11:00	-	PSK	1957 Mar
-			12:00	Russia	PS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			11:00	1:00	PSD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			11:00	-	PSK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			12:00	Russia	PS%s
+			11:00	-	PETT	1957 Mar # P-K Time
+			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			11:00	1:00	PETST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			11:00	-	PETT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			12:00	Russia	PET%sT
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
-			12:00	-	ASK	1957 Mar
-			13:00	Russia	AS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			12:00	1:00	ASD	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-			12:00	-	ASK	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-			13:00	Russia	AS%s
-
-# Serbia
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	MET	1983 Mar 27  2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			12:00	-	ANAT	1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
+			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			12:00	1:00	ANAST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+			12:00	-	ANAT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT
+
+# Slovakia
+Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
 
 # Slovenia
-# They switched from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar on 1918 Mar 18.
-# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone Europe/Ljubljana	0:58:04	-	LMT	1884
-			1:00	-	MET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s	1945 May  8  2:00s
-			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
-			1:00	-	MET	1983 Mar 27  2:00s
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+# see Yugoslavia
 
 # Spain
+# Gregorian calendar adopted 1582-10-15.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Spain	1901	only	-	Jan	 1	 0:00	0	-
 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1917	only	-	May	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1917	1919	-	Oct	 6	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1918	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1919	only	-	Apr	 5	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Apr	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Spain	1924	only	-	Oct	 4	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1926	only	-	Apr	17	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Spain	1926	1929	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1927	only	-	Apr	 9	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1928	only	-	Apr	14	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1929	only	-	Apr	20	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1937	only	-	May	22	23:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1937	1939	-	Oct	Sat>=1	23:00s	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1938	only	-	Mar	22	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1939	only	-	Apr	15	23:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1940	only	-	Mar	16	23:00s	1:00	S
 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	May	 2	22:00s	2:00	M # Midsummer
+Rule	Spain	1942	only	-	Sep	 1	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1943	1946	-	Apr	Sat>=13	22:00s	2:00	M
+Rule	Spain	1943	only	-	Oct	 3	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1944	only	-	Oct	10	22:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1945	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Spain	1946	only	-	Sep	30	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Apr	30	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1949	only	-	Sep	30	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Apr	Sat>=13	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1974	1975	-	Oct	Sun>=1	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1976	only	-	Mar	27	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1976	1977	-	Sep	lastSun	 1:00	0	-
-Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Spain	1977	1978	-	Apr	 2	23:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Spain	1978	only	-	Oct	 1	 1:00	0	-
+# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
+Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Jun	 3	12:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1967	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Jun	24	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1974	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1976	1977	-	May	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1976	only	-	Aug	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1977	only	-	Sep	28	 0:00	0	-
+Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Jun	 1	 0:00	1:00	S
+Rule SpainAfrica 1978	only	-	Aug	 4	 0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Madrid	-0:14:44 -	LMT	1901
-			 0:00	Spain	WET%s	1946 Sep 30
-			 1:00	Spain	MET%s	1979 Apr  1 2:00
-			 1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1946 Sep 30
+			 1:00	Spain	CE%sT	1979
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Zone	Africa/Ceuta	-0:21:16 -	LMT	1901
+			 0:00	-	WET	1918 May  6 23:00
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1918 Oct  7 23:00
+			 0:00	-	WET	1924
+			 0:00	Spain	WE%sT	1929
+			 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
+			 1:00	-	CET	1986
+			 1:00	EU	CE%sT
 Zone	Atlantic/Canary	-1:01:36 -	LMT	1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
-			-1:00	-	ACT	1946 Sep 30 1:00
+			-1:00	-	CANT	1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
 			 0:00	-	WET	1980 Apr  6 0:00s
-			 0:00	1:00  "WET DST"	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
-			 0:00	W-Eur	WET%s
+			 0:00	1:00	WEST	1980 Sep 28 0:00s
+			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
+# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
+# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
 
 # Sweden
+
+# From: msb@sq.com (Mark Brader)
+# <a href="news:1996Jul6.012937.29190@sq.com">
+# Subject: Re: Gregorian reform -- a part of locale?
+# </a>
+# Date: 1996-07-06
+#
+# In 1700, Denmark made the transition from Julian to Gregorian.  Sweden
+# decided to *start* a transition in 1700 as well, but rather than have one of
+# those unsightly calendar gaps :-), they simply decreed that the next leap
+# year after 1696 would be in 1744 -- putting the whole country on a calendar
+# different from both Julian and Gregorian for a period of 40 years.
+#
+# However, in 1704 something went wrong and the plan was not carried through;
+# they did, after all, have a leap year that year.  And one in 1708.  In 1712
+# they gave it up and went back to Julian, putting 30 days in February that
+# year!...
+#
+# Then in 1753, Sweden made the transition to Gregorian in the usual manner,
+# getting there only 13 years behind the original schedule.
+#
+# (A previous posting of this story was challenged, and Swedish readers
+# produced the following references to support it: "Tiderakning och historia"
+# by Natanael Beckman (1924) and "Tid, en bok om tiderakning och
+# kalendervasen" by Lars-Olof Lode'n (no date was given).)
+
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Stockholm	1:12:12 -	LMT	1878 May 31
-			1:12	-	SMT	1900 Jan  1  1:00 # Stockholm MT
-			1:00	-	MET	1916 Apr 14 23:00s
-			1:00	1:00  "MET DST"	1916 Sep 30 23:00s
-			1:00	-	MET	1980 Apr  6  2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			1:12:12	-	SMT	1900 Jan  1  1:00 # Stockholm MT
+			1:00	-	CET	1916 Apr 14 23:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1916 Sep 30 23:00s
+			1:00	-	CET	1980
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Switzerland
+# The Gregorian calendar was introduced gradually in Switzerland,
+# by omitting leap years during 1583-1812.
 # From Howse (1988), p 82:
 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
 # and their performance improved enormously.  Communities began to keep
 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Swiss	1894	only	-	Jun	1	0:00	0	-
 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
-Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	" DST"
+Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Nov	 2	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Swiss	1940	only	-	Dec	31	0:00	0	-
 # From Shanks (1991):
-Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	" DST"
+Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	May	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Swiss	1941	1942	-	Oct	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Zurich	0:34:08 -	LMT	1848 Sep 12
-			0:30	-	SST	1894 Jun   # Swiss Standard Time
-			1:00	Swiss	MET%s	1981 Mar 29 2:00
-			1:00	M-Eur	MET%s
+			0:29:44	-	BMT	1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
+			1:00	Swiss	CE%sT	1981
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
 
 # Turkey
-# European Turkey switched to the Gregorian calendar in 1908.
-# Asian Turkey switched in 1914.
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Turkey	1910	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1916	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Mar	28	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1920	only	-	Oct	25	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Apr	 3	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1921	only	-	Oct	 3	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Mar	26	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1922	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
-Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1924	only	-	May	13	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1924	1925	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1925	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
-Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Oct	 5	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1940	only	-	Dec	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1941	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
 Rule	Turkey	1942	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Apr	 2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1945	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1946	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1947	1948	-	Apr	Sun>=16	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1947	1950	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1949	only	-	Apr	10	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1950	only	-	Apr	19	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Apr	22	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1951	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Jul	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1962	only	-	Oct	 8	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	May	15	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1964	only	-	Oct	 1	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	May	Sun>=2	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1970	1972	-	Oct	Sun>=2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Jun	 3	1:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1973	only	-	Nov	 4	3:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Mar	31	2:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1974	only	-	Nov	 3	5:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1975	only	-	Mar	30	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1975	1976	-	Oct	lastSun	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1976	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1977	1978	-	Apr	Sun>=1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1977	only	-	Oct	16	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1979	1980	-	Apr	Sun>=1	3:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1979	1982	-	Oct	Mon>=11	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1981	1982	-	Mar	lastSun	3:00	1:00	S
+Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Jul	31	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1983	only	-	Oct	 2	0:00	0	-
-Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	" DST"
+Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Apr	20	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Turkey	1985	only	-	Sep	28	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Europe/Istanbul	1:55:52 -	LMT	1880
-			1:57	-	OMT	1910 Oct     # Ottoman Mean Time
-			2:00	Turkey	EET%s	1978 Oct 15
-			3:00	Turkey	TUR%s	1985 Apr 20
-			2:00	Turkey	EET%s	1986
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			1:56:56	-	IMT	1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
+			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1978 Oct 15
+			3:00	Turkey	TR%sT	1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
+			2:00	Turkey	EE%sT	1986
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1991
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 Link	Europe/Istanbul	Asia/Istanbul	# Istanbul is in both continents.
 
 # Ukraine
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	-
-Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	" DDST"
-Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	" DST"
-Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	-
+Rule	Ukraine	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	UST	# Ukrainian Summer Time
+Rule	Ukraine	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	KMT	# Kiev Mean Time
+Rule	Ukraine	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	UDST	# Ukrainian Double Summer Time
+Rule	Ukraine	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	UST
+Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	UDST
+Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	UST
+Rule	Ukraine	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	KMT
+Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	UST
+Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	UDST
+Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	UST
+Rule	Ukraine	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	KMT
+Rule	Crimea	1917	only	-	Jul	 1	23:00	1:00	CST	# Crimean Summer Time
+Rule	Crimea	1917	only	-	Dec	28	 0:00	0	NMT	# Nikolayev Mean Time
+Rule	Crimea	1918	only	-	May	31	22:00	2:00	CDST	# Crimean Double Summer Time
+Rule	Crimea	1918	only	-	Sep	17	 0:00	1:00	CST
+Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	May	31	23:00	2:00	CDST
+Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	Jul	 1	 2:00	1:00	CST
+Rule	Crimea	1919	only	-	Aug	16	 0:00	0	NMT
+Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Feb	14	23:00	1:00	CST
+Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Mar	21	23:00	2:00	CDST
+Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Sep	 1	 0:00	1:00	CST
+Rule	Crimea	1921	only	-	Oct	 1	 0:00	0	NMT
+Rule	Crimea	1996	only	-	Mar	lastSun	 0:00u	1:00	-
+Rule	Crimea	1996	only	-	Oct	lastSun	 0:00u	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Kiev	2:02:04 -	LMT	1880
-			2:02	Russia	LST%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:02	Ukraine	LST%s	1924 May  2
+			2:02:04	Ukraine	%s	1924 May  2
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1990 Jul 17
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1990 Jul 17
+			2:00	E-Eur	EE%sT	1996
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
 Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
-			2:08	Russia	LST%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
-			2:08	Ukraine	LST%s	1924 May  2
+			2:08:00	Crimea	%s	1924 May  2
 			2:00	-	EET	1930 Jun 21
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-			2:00	1:00  "EET DST"	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (May 28, 1994):
-# Today's _Economist_ (p 45) reports that Crimea switched
-# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January elections.
-# For now, we'll guess that there was a 2-hour leap forward on March 27.
-			2:00	M-Eur	EET%s	1994 Mar 27 2:00s
-			3:00	Russia	MS%s
+			3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+			2:00	1:00	EEST	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
+# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
+# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
+# For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
+			2:00	C-Eur	EE%sT	1994 Feb
+# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
+			3:00	E-Eur	MSK/MSD	1996
+# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
+# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
+			3:00	Crimea	MSK/MSD	1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
+			2:00	EU	EE%sT
+
+# Yugoslavia
+# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone	Europe/Belgrade	1:22:00	-	LMT	1884
+			1:00	-	CET	1941 Apr 18 23:00
+			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 May  8  2:00s
+			1:00	1:00	CEST	1945 Sep 16  2:00s
+# Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
+# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
+# Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
+			1:00	-	CET	1982 Nov 27
+			1:00	EU	CE%sT
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana	# Slovenia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo	# Bosnia and Herzegovina
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje	# Macedonia
+Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb	# Croatia
 
 ###############################################################################
 
@@ -1990,28 +2428,10 @@ Zone Europe/Simferopol	2:16:24 -	LMT	1880
 # INTERNET   : dik@cwi.nl
 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
 
-# From Bob Devine (January 28, 1988):
+# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
 # ...
 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
 # Since 1978.  Change at midnight.
 # ...
 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
 # ...
-
-# ...
-# Date: Fri, 3 Sep 93 13:43:41 BST
-# From: Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk>
-# ...
-# Turning to Europe, I now have a copy of the `Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC
-# of 26 March 1992 on summertime arrangements'. This only covers 1993 and
-# 1994, a seventh one is in the works but I doubt that the algorithm will
-# change. This says summertime starts at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in March
-# and ends at 01:00 GMT on the last Sunday in September, except for the UK
-# and Eire where it ends at 01:00 GMT on the fourth Sunday in October.
-# It says the arrangements for 1995 onwards will be decided by 1 January 1994,
-# but as the sixth directive was supposed to appear by 1 Jan 92 and didn't
-# arrive til March I wouldn't hold your breath.
-#
-# The first summertime directive was adopted in 1980, although the UK didn't
-# seem to use it until 1981. I suspect it would be safe to move your start
-# dates for the -Eur rules back to 1981.