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+.\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991, 1993, 1994
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)termcap.5	8.3 (Berkeley) 4/16/94
+.\"
+.Dd April 16, 1994
+.Dt TERMCAP 5
+.Os BSD 3
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm termcap
+.Nd terminal capability data base
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm termcap
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+.Nm Termcap
+file
+is a data base describing terminals,
+used,
+for example,
+by
+.Xr \&vi 1
+and
+.Xr curses 3 .
+Terminals are described in
+.Nm termcap
+by giving a set of capabilities that they have and by describing
+how operations are performed.
+Padding requirements and initialization sequences
+are included in
+.Nm termcap .
+.Pp
+Entries in
+.Nm termcap
+consist of a number of `:'-separated fields.
+The first entry for each terminal gives the names that are known for the
+terminal, separated by `|' characters.
+The first name given is the most common abbreviation for the terminal.
+The last name given should be a long name fully identifying the terminal,
+and all others are understood as synonyms for the terminal name.
+All names but the last should be in lower case and contain no blanks;
+the last name may well contain upper case characters and blanks for
+readability.
+.Pp
+Terminal names (except for the last, verbose entry)
+should be chosen using the following conventions.
+The particular piece of hardware making up the terminal
+should have a root name chosen, thus
+.Dq hp2621
+This name should not contain hyphens.
+Modes that the hardware can be in
+or user preferences
+should be indicated by appending a hyphen and an indicator of the mode.
+Therefore, a
+.Dq vt100
+in 132-column mode would be
+.Dq vt100-w .
+The following suffixes should be used where possible:
+.Pp
+.Bd -filled -offset indent
+.Bl -column indent "With automatic margins (usually default)xx"
+.Sy Suffix	Meaning	Example
+-w	Wide mode (more than 80 columns)	vt100-w
+-am	With automatic margins (usually default)	vt100-am
+-nam	Without automatic margins	vt100-nam
+.Pf \- Ar n Ta No "Number of lines on screen	aaa-60"
+-na	No arrow keys (leave them in local)	concept100-na
+.Pf \- Ar \&np Ta No "Number of pages of memory	concept100-4p"
+-rv	Reverse video	concept100-rv
+.El
+.Ed
+.Sh CAPABILITIES
+The characters in the
+.Em Notes
+function
+field in the table have the following meanings
+(more than one may apply to a capability):
+.Pp
+.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
+N	indicates numeric parameter(s)
+P	indicates that padding may be specified
+*	indicates that padding may be based on the number of lines affected
+o	indicates capability is obsolete
+.Ed
+.Pp
+.Dq Obsolete
+capabilities have no
+.Em terminfo
+equivalents,
+since they were considered useless,
+or are subsumed by other capabilities.
+New software should not rely on them at all.
+.Pp
+.Bl -column indent indent indent
+.Sy Name	Type	Notes	Description
+functions
+.It "ae	str	(P)	End alternate character set."
+.It AL	str	(NP*)	Add"
+.Em n
+new blank lines
+.It "al	str	(P*)	Add new blank line."
+.It "am	bool		Terminal has automatic margins."
+.It "as	str	(P)	Start alternate character set."
+.It "bc	str	(o)	Backspace if not."
+.Sy \&^H .
+.It "bl	str	(P)	Audible signal (bell)."
+.It "bs	bool	(o)	Terminal can backspace with"
+.Sy \&^H .
+.It "bt	str	(P)	Back tab."
+.It "bw	bool	" Ta Sy \&le
+(backspace) wraps from column 0 to last column.
+.It "CC	str		Terminal settable command character in prototype."
+.It "cd	str	(P*)	Clear to end of display."
+.It "ce	str	(P)	Clear to end of line."
+.It "ch	str	(NP)	Set cursor column (horizontal position)."
+.It "cl	str	(P*)	Clear screen and home cursor."
+.It "CM	str	(NP)	Memory-relative cursor addressing."
+.It "cm	str	(NP)	Screen-relative cursor motion."
+.It "co	num		Number of columns in a line (See"
+.Sx BUGS
+section below).
+.It "cr	str	(P)	Carriage return."
+.It "cs	str	(NP)	Change scrolling region (VT100)."
+.It "ct	str	(P)	Clear all tab stops."
+.It "cv	str	(NP)	Set cursor row (vertical position)."
+.It "da	bool		Display may be retained above the screen."
+.It "dB	num	(o)	Milliseconds of"
+.Sy \&bs
+delay needed (default 0).
+.It "db	bool		Display may be retained below the screen."
+.It "DC	str	(NP*)	Delete"
+.Em n
+characters.
+.It "dC	num	(o)	Milliseconds of"
+.Sy \&cr
+delay needed (default 0).
+.It "dc	str	(P*)	Delete character."
+.It "dF	num	(o)	Milliseconds of"
+.Sy \&ff
+delay needed (default 0).
+.It "DL	str	(NP*)	Delete"
+.Ar n
+lines.
+.It "dl	str	(P*)	Delete line."
+.It "dm	str		Enter delete mode."
+.It "dN	num	(o)	Milliseconds of
+.Sy \&nl
+delay needed (default 0).
+.It "DO	str	(NP*)	Move cursor down:
+.Ar n
+lines.
+.It "do	str		Down one line."
+.It "ds	str		Disable status line."
+.It "dT	num	(o)	Milliseconds of horizontal tab delay needed (default 0)."
+.It "dV	num	(o)	Milliseconds of vertical tab delay needed (default 0)."
+.It "ec	str	(NP)	Erase"
+.Ar n
+characters.
+.It "ed	str		End delete mode."
+.It "ei	str		End insert mode."
+.It "eo	bool		Can erase overstrikes with a blank."
+.It "EP	bool	(o)	Even parity."
+.It "es	bool		Escape can be used on the status line."
+.It "ff	str	(P*)	Hardcopy terminal page eject."
+.It "fs	str		Return from status line."
+.It "gn	bool		Generic line type, for example dialup, switch)."
+.It "hc	bool		Hardcopy terminal."
+.It "HD	bool	(o)	Half-duplex."
+.It "hd	str		Half-line down (forward 1/2 linefeed)."
+.It "ho	str	(P)	Home cursor."
+.It "hs	bool		Has extra"
+.Dq status line .
+.It "hu	str		Half-line up (reverse 1/2 linefeed)."
+.It "hz	bool		Cannot print ``~'' (Hazeltine)."
+.It "i1-i3	str		Terminal initialization strings"
+.Pf ( Xr terminfo
+only)
+.It "IC	str	(NP*)	Insert"
+.Ar n
+blank characters.
+.It "ic	str	(P*)	Insert character."
+.It "if	str		Name of file containing initialization string."
+.It "im	str		Enter insert mode."
+.It "in	bool		Insert mode distinguishes nulls."
+.It "iP	str		Pathname of program for initialization"
+.Pf ( Xr terminfo
+only).
+.It "ip	str	(P*)	Insert pad after character inserted."
+.It "is	str		Terminal initialization string"
+.Pf ( Nm termcap
+only).
+.It "it	num		Tabs initially every"
+.Ar n
+positions.
+.It "K1	str		Sent by keypad upper left."
+.It "K2	str		Sent by keypad upper right."
+.It "K3	str		Sent by keypad center."
+.It "K4	str		Sent by keypad lower left."
+.It "K5	str		Sent by keypad lower right."
+.It "k0-k9	str		Sent by function keys 0-9."
+.It "kA	str		Sent by insert-line key."
+.It "ka	str		Sent by clear-all-tabs key."
+.It "kb	str		Sent by backspace key."
+.It "kC	str		Sent by clear-screen or erase key."
+.It "kD	str		Sent by delete-character key."
+.It "kd	str		Sent by down-arrow key."
+.It "kE	str		Sent by clear-to-end-of-line key."
+.It "ke	str		Out of"
+.Dq keypad transmit
+mode.
+.It "kF	str		Sent by scroll-forward/down key."
+.It "kH	str		Sent by home-down key."
+.It "kh	str		Sent by home key."
+.It "kI	str		Sent by insert-character or enter-insert-mode key."
+.It "kL	str		Sent by delete-line key."
+.It "kl	str		Sent by left-arrow key."
+.It "kM	str		Sent by insert key while in insert mode."
+.It "km	bool		Has a"
+.Dq meta
+key (shift, sets parity bit).
+.It "kN	str		Sent by next-page key."
+.It "kn	num	(o)	Number of function"
+.Pq Sy \&k\&0 Ns \- Sy \&k\&9
+keys (default 0).
+.It "ko	str	(o)	Termcap entries for other non-function keys."
+.It "kP	str		Sent by previous-page key."
+.It "kR	str		Sent by scroll-backward/up key."
+.It "kr	str		Sent by right-arrow key."
+.It "kS	str		Sent by clear-to-end-of-screen key."
+.It "ks	str		Put terminal in"
+.Dq keypad transmit
+mode.
+.It "kT	str		Sent by set-tab key."
+.It "kt	str		Sent by clear-tab key."
+.It "ku	str		Sent by up-arrow key."
+.It "l0-l9	str		Labels on function keys if not"
+.Dq \&f Ns Em n .
+.It "LC	bool	(o)	Lower-case only."
+.It "LE	str	(NP)	Move cursor left"
+.Ar n
+positions.
+.It "le	str	(P)	Move cursor left one position."
+.It "li	num		Number of lines on screen or page (See"
+.Sx BUGS
+section below)
+.It "ll	str		Last line, first column
+.It "lm	num		Lines of memory if >" Sy \&li
+(0 means varies).
+.It "ma	str	(o)	Arrow key map (used by"
+.Xr \&vi
+version 2 only).
+.It "mb	str		Turn on blinking attribute."
+.It "md	str		Turn on bold (extra bright) attribute."
+.It "me	str		Turn off all attributes."
+.It "mh	str		Turn on half-bright attribute."
+.It "mi	bool		Safe to move while in insert mode."
+.It "mk	str		Turn on blank attribute (characters invisible)."
+.It "ml	str	(o)	Memory lock on above cursor."
+.It "mm	str		Turn on"
+.Dq meta mode
+(8th bit).
+.It "mo	str		Turn off"
+.Dq meta mode .
+.It "mp	str		Turn on protected attribute."
+.It "mr	str		Turn on reverse-video attribute."
+.It "ms	bool		Safe to move in standout modes."
+.It "mu	str	(o)	Memory unlock (turn off memory lock)."
+.It "nc	bool	(o)	No correctly-working"
+.Sy \&cr
+(Datamedia 2500, Hazeltine 2000).
+.It "nd	str		Non-destructive space (cursor right)."
+.It "NL	bool	(o)" Ta Sy \&\en No "is newline, not line feed."
+.It "nl	str	(o)	Newline character if not" Sy \en .
+.It "ns	bool	(o)	Terminal is a" Tn CRT No "but doesn't scroll."
+.It "nw	str	(P)	Newline (behaves like"
+.Sy \&cr
+followed by
+.Sy \&do ).
+.It "OP	bool	(o)	Odd parity."
+.It "os	bool		Terminal overstrikes."
+.It "pb	num		Lowest baud where delays are required."
+.It "pc	str		Pad character (default" Tn NUL ).
+.It "pf	str		Turn off the printer."
+.It "pk	str		Program function key"
+.Em n
+to type string
+.Em s
+.Pf ( Xr terminfo
+only).
+.It "pl	str		Program function key"
+.Em n
+to execute string
+.Em s
+.Pf ( Xr terminfo
+only).
+.It "pO	str	(N)	Turn on the printer for"
+.Em n
+bytes.
+.It "po	str		Turn on the printer."
+.It "ps	str		Print contents of the screen."
+.It "pt	bool	(o)	Has hardware tabs (may need to be set with"
+.Sy \&is ).
+.It "px	str		Program function key"
+.Em n
+to transmit string
+.Em s
+.Pf ( Xr terminfo
+only).
+.It "r1-r3	str		Reset terminal completely to sane modes"
+.Pf ( Xr terminfo
+only).
+.It "rc	str	(P)	Restore cursor to position of last"
+.Sy \&sc .
+.It "rf	str		Name of file containing reset codes."
+.It "RI	str	(NP)	Move cursor right"
+.Em n
+positions.
+.It "rp	str	(NP*)	Repeat character"
+.Em c n
+times.
+.It "rs	str		Reset terminal completely to sane modes"
+.Pf ( Nm termcap
+only).
+.It "sa	str	(NP)	Define the video attributes."
+.It "sc	str	(P)	Save cursor position."
+.It "se	str		End standout mode."
+.It "SF	str	(NP*)	Scroll forward"
+.Em n
+lines.
+.It "sf	str	(P)	Scroll text up."
+.It "sg	num		Number of garbage chars left by"
+.Sy \&so
+or
+.Sy \&se
+(default 0).
+.It "so	str		Begin standout mode."
+.It "SR	str	(NP*)	Scroll backward"
+.Em n
+lines.
+.It "sr	str	(P)	Scroll text down."
+.It "st	str		Set a tab in all rows, current column."
+.It "ta	str	(P)	Tab to next 8-position hardware tab stop."
+.It "tc	str		Entry of similar terminal \- must be last."
+.It "te	str		String to end programs that use"
+.Nm termcap .
+.It "ti	str		String to begin programs that use"
+.Nm termcap .
+.It "ts	str	(N)	Go to status line, column"
+.Em n .
+.It "UC	bool	(o)	Upper-case only."
+.It "uc	str		Underscore one character and move past it."
+.It "ue	str		End underscore mode."
+.It "ug	num		Number of garbage chars left by"
+.Sy \&us
+or
+.Sy \&ue
+(default 0).
+.It "ul	bool		Underline character overstrikes."
+.It "UP	str	(NP*)	Move cursor up"
+.Em n
+lines.
+.It "up	str		Upline (cursor up)."
+.It "us	str		Start underscore mode."
+.It "vb	str		Visible bell (must not move cursor)."
+.It "ve	str		Make cursor appear normal (undo"
+.Sy \&vs Ns / Sy \&vi ) .
+.It "vi	str		Make cursor invisible."
+.It "vs	str		Make cursor very visible."
+.It "vt	num		Virtual terminal number (not supported on all systems)."
+.It "wi	str	(N)	Set current window."
+.It "ws	num		Number of columns in status line."
+.It "xb	bool		Beehive"
+.Pf ( "f1=" Dv ESC ,
+.Pf "f2=" Sy \&^C ) .
+.It "xn	bool		Newline ignored after 80 cols (Concept)."
+.It "xo	bool		Terminal uses xoff/xon"
+.Pq Dv DC3 Ns / Ns Dv DC1
+handshaking.
+.It "xr	bool	(o)	Return acts like"
+.Sy "ce cr nl"
+(Delta Data).
+.It "xs	bool		Standout not erased by overwriting (Hewlett-Packard)."
+.It "xt	bool		Tabs ruin, magic"
+.SY \&so
+char (Teleray 1061).
+.It "xx	bool	(o)	Tektronix 4025 insert-line."
+.El
+.Ss A Sample Entry
+The following entry, which describes the Concept\-100, is among the more
+complex entries in the
+.Nm termcap
+file as of this writing.
+.Pp
+.Bd -literal
+ca\||\|concept100\||\|c100\||\|concept\||\|c104\||\|concept100-4p\||\|HDS Concept\-100:\e
+	:al=3*\eE^R:am:bl=^G:cd=16*\eE^C:ce=16\eE^U:cl=2*^L:cm=\eEa%+ %+ :\e
+	:co#80:.cr=9^M:db:dc=16\eE^A:dl=3*\eE^B:do=^J:ei=\eE\e200:eo:im=\eE^P:in:\e
+	:ip=16*:is=\eEU\eEf\eE7\eE5\eE8\eEl\eENH\eEK\eE\e200\eEo&\e200\eEo\e47\eE:k1=\eE5:\e
+	:k2=\eE6:k3=\eE7:kb=^h:kd=\eE<:ke=\eEx:kh=\eE?:kl=\eE>:kr=\eE=:ks=\eEX:\e
+	:ku=\eE;:le=^H:li#24:mb=\eEC:me=\eEN\e200:mh=\eEE:mi:mk=\eEH:mp=\eEI:\e
+	:mr=\eED:nd=\eE=:pb#9600:rp=0.2*\eEr%.%+ :se=\eEd\eEe:sf=^J:so=\eEE\eED:\e
+	:.ta=8\et:te=\eEv    \e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\eEp\er\en:\e
+	:ti=\eEU\eEv  8p\eEp\er:ue=\eEg:ul:up=\eE;:us=\eEG:\e
+	:vb=\eEk\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\eEK:\e
+	:ve=\eEw:vs=\eEW:vt#8:xn:\e
+	:bs:cr=^M:dC#9:dT#8:nl=^J:ta=^I:pt:
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Entries may continue onto multiple lines by giving a \e as the last
+character of a line, and empty fields
+may be included for readability (here between the last field on a line
+and the first field on the next).
+Comments may be included on lines beginning with
+.Dq # .
+.Ss Types of Capabilities
+Capabilities in
+.Nm termcap
+are of three types: Boolean capabilities,
+which indicate particular features that the terminal has;
+numeric capabilities,
+giving the size of the display or the size of other attributes;
+and string capabilities,
+which give character sequences that can be used to perform particular
+terminal operations.
+All capabilities have two-letter codes.
+For instance, the fact that
+the Concept has
+.Em automatic margins
+(an automatic return and linefeed
+when the end of a line is reached) is indicated by the Boolean capability
+.Sy \&am .
+Hence the description of the Concept includes
+.Sy \&am .
+.Pp
+Numeric capabilities are followed by the character `#' then the value.
+In the example above
+.Sy \&co ,
+which indicates the number of columns the display has,
+gives the value `80' for the Concept.
+.Pp
+Finally, string-valued capabilities, such as
+.Sy \&ce
+(clear-to-end-of-line
+sequence) are given by the two-letter code, an `=', then a string
+ending at the next following `:'.
+A delay in milliseconds may appear after
+the `=' in such a capability,
+which causes padding characters to be supplied by
+.Xr tputs
+after the remainder of the string is sent to provide this delay.
+The delay can be either a number,
+such as `20', or a number followed by
+an `*',
+such as `3*'.
+An `*' indicates that the padding required is proportional
+to the number of lines affected by the operation, and the amount given is
+the per-affected-line padding required.
+(In the case of insert-character,
+the factor is still the number of
+.Em lines
+affected;
+this is always 1 unless the terminal has
+.Sy \&in
+and the software uses it.)
+When an `*' is specified, it is sometimes useful to give a delay of the form
+`3.5' to specify a delay per line to tenths of milliseconds.
+(Only one decimal place is allowed.)
+.Pp
+A number of escape sequences are provided in the string-valued capabilities
+for easy encoding of control characters there.
+.Sy \&\eE
+maps to an
+.Dv ESC
+character,
+.Sy \&^X
+maps to a control-X for any appropriate X,
+and the sequences
+.Sy \&\en
+.Sy \&\er
+.Sy \&\et
+.Sy \&\eb
+.Sy \&\ef
+map to linefeed, return, tab, backspace, and formfeed, respectively.
+Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a
+.Sy \&\e ,
+and the characters
+.Sy \&^
+and
+.Sy \&\e
+may be given as
+.Sy \&\e^
+and
+.Sy \&\e\e .
+If it is necessary to place a
+.Sy \&:
+in a capability it must be escaped in
+octal as
+.Sy \&\e072 .
+If it is necessary to place a
+.Dv NUL
+character in a string capability it
+must be encoded as
+.Sy \&\e200 .
+(The routines that deal with
+.Nm termcap
+use C strings and strip the high bits of the output very late, so that
+a
+.Sy \&\e200
+comes out as a
+.Sy \&\e000
+would.)
+.Pp
+Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out.
+To do this, put a period before the capability name.
+For example, see the first
+.Sy \&cr
+and
+.Sy \&ta
+in the example above.
+.Ss Preparing Descriptions
+The most effective way to prepare a terminal description is by imitating
+the description of a similar terminal in
+.Nm termcap
+and to build up a description gradually, using partial descriptions
+with
+.Xr \&vi
+to check that they are correct.
+Be aware that a very unusual terminal may expose deficiencies in
+the ability of the
+.Nm termcap
+file to describe it
+or bugs in
+.Xr \&vi .
+To easily test a new terminal description you are working on
+you can put it in your home directory in a file called
+.Pa .termcap
+and programs will look there before looking in
+.Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap .
+You can also set the environment variable
+.Ev TERMPATH
+to a list of absolute file pathnames (separated by spaces or colons),
+one of which contains the description you are working on,
+and programs will search them in the order listed, and nowhere else.
+See
+.Xr termcap 3 .
+The
+.Ev TERMCAP
+environment variable is usually set to the
+.Nm termcap
+entry itself
+to avoid reading files when starting up a program.
+.Pp
+To get the padding for insert-line right
+(if the terminal manufacturer did not document it),
+a severe test is to use
+.Xr \&vi
+to edit
+.Pa /etc/passwd
+at 9600 baud, delete roughly 16 lines from the middle of the screen,
+then hit the `u' key several times quickly.
+If the display messes up, more padding is usually needed.
+A similar test can be used for insert-character.
+.Ss Basic Capabilities
+The number of columns on each line of the display is given by the
+.Sy \&co
+numeric capability.
+If the display is a
+.Tn CRT ,
+then the
+number of lines on the screen is given by the
+.Sy \&li
+capability.
+If the display wraps around to the beginning of the next line when
+the cursor reaches the right margin, then it should have the
+.Sy \&am
+capability.
+If the terminal can clear its screen,
+the code to do this is given by the
+.Sy \&cl
+string capability.
+If the terminal overstrikes
+(rather than clearing the position when a character is overwritten),
+it should have the
+.Sy \&os
+capability.
+If the terminal is a printing terminal,
+with no soft copy unit,
+give it both
+.Sy \&hc
+and
+.Sy \&os .
+.Pf ( Sy \&os
+applies to storage scope terminals,
+such as the Tektronix 4010 series,
+as well as to hard copy and
+.Tn APL
+terminals.)
+If there is a code to move the cursor to the left edge of the current row,
+give this as
+.Sy \&cr .
+(Normally this will be carriage-return,
+.Sy \&^M . )
+If there is a code to produce an audible signal (bell, beep,
+etc. ) ,
+give this as
+.Sy \&bl .
+.Pp
+If there is a code (such as backspace)
+to move the cursor one position to the left,
+that capability should be given as
+.Sy \&le .
+Similarly,
+codes to move to the right, up, and down
+should be given as
+.Sy \&nd ,
+.Sy \&up ,
+and
+.Sy \&do ,
+respectively.
+These
+.Em local cursor motions
+should not alter the text they pass over;
+for example, you would not normally use
+.Dq nd=\ \&
+unless the terminal has the
+.Sy \&os
+capability,
+because the space would erase the character moved over.
+.Pp
+A very important point here is that the local cursor motions encoded
+in
+.Nm termcap
+have undefined behavior at the left and top edges of a
+.Tn CRT
+display.
+Programs should never attempt to backspace around the left edge,
+unless
+.Sy \&bw
+is given, and never attempt to go up off the top
+using local cursor motions.
+.Pp
+In order to scroll text up,
+a program goes to the bottom left corner of the screen and sends the
+.Sy \&sf
+(index) string.
+To scroll text down,
+a program goes to the top left corner of the screen and sends the
+.Sy \&sr
+(reverse index) string.
+The strings
+.Sy \&sf
+and
+.Sy \&sr
+have undefined behavior
+when not on their respective corners of the screen.
+Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are
+.Sy \&SF
+and
+.Sy \&SR ,
+which have the same semantics as
+.Sy \&sf
+and
+.Sy \&sr
+except that they take one parameter
+and scroll that many lines.
+They also have undefined behavior
+except at the appropriate corner of the screen.
+.Pp
+The
+.Sy \&am
+capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the right
+edge of the screen when text is output there,
+but this does not necessarily apply to
+.Sy \&nd
+from the last column.
+Leftward local motion is defined from the left edge only when
+.Sy \&bw
+is given; then an
+.Sy \&le
+from the left edge will move to the right edge of the previous row.
+This is useful for drawing a box around the edge of the screen,
+for example.
+If the terminal has switch-selectable automatic margins,
+the
+.Nm termcap
+description usually assumes that this feature is on,
+.Em i.e . ,
+.Sy \&am .
+If the terminal has a command
+that moves to the first column of the next line,
+that command can be given as
+.Sy \&nw
+(newline).
+It is permissible for this to clear the remainder of the current line,
+so if the terminal has no correctly-working
+.Tn \&CR
+and
+.Tn \&LF
+it may still be possible to craft a working
+.Sy \&nw
+out of one or both of them.
+.Pp
+These capabilities suffice to describe hardcopy and
+.Dq glass-tty
+terminals.
+Thus the Teletype model 33 is described as
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+T3\||\|tty33\||\|33\||\|tty\||\|Teletype model 33:\e
+	:bl=^G:co#72:cr=^M:do=^J:hc:os:
+.Ed
+.Pp
+and the Lear Siegler
+.Tn ADM Ns \-3
+is described as
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+l3\||\|adm3\||\|3\||\|LSI \s-1ADM\s0-3:\e
+:am:bl=^G:cl=^Z:co#80:cr=^M:do=^J:le=^H:li#24:sf=^J:
+.Ed
+.Ss Parameterized Strings
+Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters
+are described by a
+parameterized string capability, with
+.Xr printf 3 Ns \-like
+escapes
+.Sy \&%x
+in it,
+while other characters are passed through unchanged.
+For example, to address the cursor the
+.Sy \&cm
+capability is given, using two parameters: the row and column to move to.
+(Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to the physical screen
+visible to the user, not to any unseen memory.
+If the terminal has memory-relative cursor addressing,
+that can be indicated by an analogous
+.Sy \&CM
+capability.)
+.Pp
+The
+.Sy \&%
+encodings have the following meanings:
+.Bl -column xxxxx
+.It "%%	output `%'"
+.It "%d	output value as in"
+.Xr printf
+%d
+.It "%2	output value as in"
+.Xr printf
+%2d
+.It "%3	output value as in"
+.Xr printf
+%3d
+.It "%.	output value as in"
+.Xr printf
+%c
+.It "%+" Ns Em x Ta No add
+.Em x
+to value, then do %.
+.It "%>" Ns Em \&xy Ta No if
+value >
+.Em x
+then add
+.Em y ,
+no output
+.It "%r	reverse order of two parameters, no output"
+.It "%i	increment by one, no output"
+.It "%n	exclusive-or all parameters with 0140 (Datamedia 2500)"
+.It "%B" Ta Tn BCD No "(16*(value/10)) + (value%10), no output"
+.It "%D	Reverse coding (value \- 2*(value%16)), no output (Delta Data)."
+.El
+.Pp
+Consider the Hewlett-Packard 2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs
+to be sent
+.Dq \eE&a12c03Y
+padded for 6 milliseconds.
+Note that the order
+of the row and column coordinates is reversed here
+and that the row and column
+are sent as two-digit integers.
+Thus its
+.Sy \&cm
+capability is
+.Dq Li cm=6\eE&%r%2c%2Y .
+.Pp
+The Datamedia 2500 needs the current row and column sent
+encoded in binary using
+.Dq \&%. .
+Terminals that use
+.Dq \&%.
+need to be able to
+backspace the cursor
+.Po Sy \&le Pc
+and to move the cursor up one line on the screen
+.Po Sy \&up Pc .
+This is necessary because it is not always safe to transmit
+.Sy \&\en ,
+.Sy \&^D ,
+and
+.Sy \&\er ,
+as the system may change or discard them.
+(Programs using
+.Nm termcap
+must set terminal modes so that tabs are not expanded, so
+.Sy \&\et
+is safe to send.
+This turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.)
+.Pp
+A final example is the Lear Siegler
+.Tn ADM Ns \-3a,
+which offsets row and column
+by a blank character, thus
+.Dq Li cm=\eE=%+ %+\ \& .
+.Pp
+Row or column absolute cursor addressing
+can be given as single parameter capabilities
+.Sy \&ch
+(horizontal position absolute) and
+.Sy \&cv
+(vertical position absolute).
+Sometimes these are shorter than the more general two-parameter sequence
+(as with the Hewlett-Packard 2645) and can be used in preference to
+.Sy \&cm .
+If there are parameterized local motions
+.Pf ( Em e.g . ,
+move
+.Ar n
+positions to the right)
+these can be given as
+.Sy \&DO ,
+.Sy \&LE ,
+.Sy \&RI ,
+and
+.Sy \&UP
+with a single parameter indicating how many positions to move.
+These are primarily useful if the terminal does not have
+.Sy \&cm ,
+such as the Tektronix 4025.
+.Ss Cursor Motions
+.Pp
+If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor
+(to the very upper left corner of the screen), this can be given as
+.Sy \&ho .
+Similarly, a fast way of getting to the lower left-hand corner
+can be given as
+.Sy \&ll ;
+this may involve going up with
+.Sy \&up
+from the home position,
+but a program should never do this itself (unless
+.Sy \&ll
+does), because it can
+make no assumption about the effect of moving up from the home position.
+Note that the home position is the same as
+cursor address (0,0): to the top left corner of the screen, not of memory.
+(Therefore, the
+.Dq \eEH
+sequence on Hewlett-Packard terminals
+cannot be used for
+.Sy \&ho . )
+.Ss Area Clears
+If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
+line, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as
+.Sy \&ce .
+If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
+display, this should be given as
+.Sy \&cd .
+.Sy \&cd
+must only be invoked from the first column of a line.
+(Therefore,
+it can be simulated by a request to delete a large number of lines,
+if a true
+.Sy \&cd
+is not available.)
+.Ss Insert/Delete Line
+If the terminal can open a new blank line
+before the line containing the cursor,
+this should be given as
+.Sy \&al ;
+this must be invoked only from the first
+position of a line.
+The cursor must then appear at the left of the newly blank line.
+If the terminal can delete the line that the cursor is on, this
+should be given as
+.Sy \&dl ;
+this must only be used from the first position on
+the line to be deleted.
+Versions of
+.Sy \&al
+and
+.Sy \&dl
+which take a single parameter
+and insert or delete that many lines
+can be given as
+.Sy \&AL
+and
+.Sy \&DL .
+If the terminal has a settable scrolling region
+(like the VT100),
+the command to set this can be described with the
+.Sy \&cs
+capability,
+which takes two parameters: the top and bottom lines of the scrolling region.
+The cursor position is, alas, undefined after using this command.
+It is possible to get the effect of insert or delete line
+using this command \(em the
+.Sy \&sc
+and
+.Sy \&rc
+(save and restore cursor) commands are also useful.
+Inserting lines at the top or bottom of the screen can also be done using
+.Sy \&sr
+or
+.Sy \&sf
+on many terminals without a true insert/delete line,
+and is often faster even on terminals with those features.
+.Pp
+If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part of memory
+which all commands affect, it should be given as the parameterized string
+.Sy \&wi .
+The four parameters are the starting and ending lines in memory
+and the starting and ending columns in memory, in that order.
+(This
+.Xr terminfo
+capability is described for completeness.
+It is unlikely that any
+.Nm termcap Ns \- using
+program will support it.)
+.Pp
+If the terminal can retain display memory above the screen, then the
+.Sy \&da
+capability should be given;
+if display memory can be retained
+below, then
+.Sy \&db
+should be given.
+These indicate
+that deleting a line or scrolling may bring non-blank lines up from below
+or that scrolling back with
+.Sy \&sr
+may bring down non-blank lines.
+.Ss Insert/Delete Character
+There are two basic kinds of intelligent terminals with respect to
+insert/delete character that can be described using
+.Nm termcap .
+The most common insert/delete character operations affect only the characters
+on the current line and shift characters off the end of the line rigidly.
+Other terminals, such as the Concept\-100 and the Perkin Elmer Owl, make
+a distinction between typed and untyped blanks on the screen, shifting
+upon an insert or delete only to an untyped blank on the screen which is
+either eliminated or expanded to two untyped blanks.
+You can determine
+the kind of terminal you have by clearing the screen then typing
+text separated by cursor motions.
+Type
+.Dq Li abc\ \ \ \ def
+using local
+cursor motions (not spaces) between the
+.Dq abc
+and the
+.Dq def .
+Then position the cursor before the
+.Dq abc
+and put the terminal in insert
+mode.
+If typing characters causes the rest of the line to shift
+rigidly and characters to fall off the end, then your terminal does
+not distinguish between blanks and untyped positions.
+If the
+.Dq abc
+shifts over to the
+.Dq def
+which then move together around the end of the
+current line and onto the next as you insert, then you have the second type of
+terminal and should give the capability
+.Sy \&in ,
+which stands for
+.Dq insert null .
+While these are two logically separate attributes
+(one line
+.Em \&vs .
+multi-line insert mode,
+and special treatment of untyped spaces),
+we have seen no terminals whose insert
+mode cannot be described with the single attribute.
+.Pp
+.Nm Termcap
+can describe both terminals that have an insert mode and terminals
+that send a simple sequence to open a blank position on the current line.
+Give as
+.Sy \&im
+the sequence to get into insert mode.
+Give as
+.Sy \&ei
+the sequence to leave insert mode.
+Now give as
+.Sy \&ic
+any sequence that needs to be sent just before
+each character to be inserted.
+Most terminals with a true insert mode
+will not give
+.Sy \&ic ;
+terminals that use a sequence to open a screen
+position should give it here.
+(If your terminal has both,
+insert mode is usually preferable to
+.Sy \&ic .
+Do not give both unless the terminal actually requires both to be used
+in combination.)
+If post-insert padding is needed, give this as a number of milliseconds
+in
+.Sy \&ip
+(a string option).
+Any other sequence that may need to be
+sent after insertion of a single character can also be given in
+.Sy \&ip .
+If your terminal needs to be placed into an `insert mode'
+and needs a special code preceding each inserted character,
+then both
+.Sy \&im Ns / Sy \&ei
+and
+.Sy \&ic
+can be given, and both will be used.
+The
+.Sy \&IC
+capability, with one parameter
+.Em n ,
+will repeat the effects of
+.Sy \&ic
+.Em n
+times.
+.Pp
+It is occasionally necessary to move around while in insert mode
+to delete characters on the same line
+.Pf ( Em e.g . ,
+if there is a tab after
+the insertion position).
+If your terminal allows motion while in
+insert mode, you can give the capability
+.Sy \&mi
+to speed up inserting
+in this case.
+Omitting
+.Sy \&mi
+will affect only speed.
+Some terminals
+(notably Datamedia's) must not have
+.Sy \&mi
+because of the way their
+insert mode works.
+.Pp
+Finally, you can specify
+.Sy \&dc
+to delete a single character,
+.Sy \&DC
+with one parameter
+.Em n
+to delete
+.Em n
+characters,
+and delete mode by giving
+.Sy \&dm
+and
+.Sy \&ed
+to enter and exit delete mode
+(which is any mode the terminal needs to be placed in for
+.Sy \&dc
+to work).
+.Ss Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible  Bells
+If your terminal has one or more kinds of display attributes,
+these can be represented in a number of different ways.
+You should choose one display form as
+.Em standout mode ,
+representing a good high-contrast, easy-on-the-eyes format
+for highlighting error messages and other attention getters.
+(If you have a choice, reverse video plus half-bright is good,
+or reverse video alone.)
+The sequences to enter and exit standout mode
+are given as
+.Sy \&so
+and
+.Sy \&se ,
+respectively.
+If the code to change into or out of standout
+mode leaves one or even two blank spaces or garbage characters on the screen,
+as the
+.Tn TVI
+912 and Teleray 1061 do,
+then
+.Sy \&sg
+should be given to tell how many characters are left.
+.Pp
+Codes to begin underlining and end underlining can be given as
+.Sy \&us
+and
+.Sy \&ue ,
+respectively.
+Underline mode change garbage is specified by
+.Sy \&ug ,
+similar to
+.Sy \&sg .
+If the terminal has a code to underline the current character and move
+the cursor one position to the right,
+such as the Microterm Mime,
+this can be given as
+.Sy \&uc .
+.Pp
+Other capabilities to enter various highlighting modes include
+.Sy \&mb
+(blinking),
+.Sy \&md
+(bold or extra bright),
+.Sy \&mh
+(dim or half-bright),
+.Sy \&mk
+(blanking or invisible text),
+.Sy \&mp
+(protected),
+.Sy \&mr
+(reverse video),
+.Sy \&me
+(turn off
+.Em all
+attribute modes),
+.Sy \&as
+(enter alternate character set mode), and
+.Sy \&ae
+(exit alternate character set mode).
+Turning on any of these modes singly may or may not turn off other modes.
+.Pp
+If there is a sequence to set arbitrary combinations of mode,
+this should be given as
+.Sy \&sa
+(set attributes), taking 9 parameters.
+Each parameter is either 0 or 1,
+as the corresponding attributes is on or off.
+The 9 parameters are, in order: standout, underline, reverse, blink,
+dim, bold, blank, protect, and alternate character set.
+Not all modes need be supported by
+.Sy \&sa ,
+only those for which corresponding attribute commands exist.
+(It is unlikely that a
+.Nm termcap Ns \-using
+program will support this capability, which is defined for compatibility
+with
+.Xr terminfo . )
+.Pp
+Terminals with the
+.Dq magic cookie
+glitches
+.Pf ( Sy \&sg
+and
+.Sy \&ug ) ,
+rather than maintaining extra attribute bits for each character cell,
+instead deposit special
+.Dq cookies ,
+or
+.Dq garbage characters ,,
+when they receive mode-setting sequences,
+which affect the display algorithm.
+.Pp
+Some terminals,
+such as the Hewlett-Packard 2621,
+automatically leave standout
+mode when they move to a new line or when the cursor is addressed.
+Programs using standout mode
+should exit standout mode on such terminals
+before moving the cursor or sending a newline.
+On terminals where this is not a problem,
+the
+.Sy \&ms
+capability should be present
+to say that this overhead is unnecessary.
+.Pp
+If the terminal has
+a way of flashing the screen to indicate an error quietly
+(a bell replacement),
+this can be given as
+.Sy \&vb ;
+it must not move the cursor.
+.Pp
+If the cursor needs to be made more visible than normal
+when it is not on the bottom line
+(to change, for example, a non-blinking underline into an easier-to-find
+block or blinking underline),
+give this sequence as
+.Sy \&vs .
+If there is a way to make the cursor completely invisible, give that as
+.Sy \&vi .
+The capability
+.Sy \&ve ,
+which undoes the effects of both of these modes,
+should also be given.
+.Pp
+If your terminal correctly displays underlined characters
+(with no special codes needed)
+even though it does not overstrike,
+then you should give the capability
+.Sy \&ul .
+If overstrikes are erasable with a blank,
+this should be indicated by giving
+.Sy \&eo .
+.Ss Keypad
+If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the keys are pressed,
+this information can be given.
+Note that it is not possible to handle
+terminals where the keypad only works in local mode
+(this applies, for example, to the unshifted Hewlett-Packard 2621 keys).
+If the keypad can be set to transmit or not transmit,
+give these codes as
+.Sy \&ks
+and
+.Sy \&ke .
+Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit.
+The codes sent by the left-arrow, right-arrow, up-arrow, down-arrow,
+and home keys can be given as
+.Sy \&kl ,
+.Sy \&kr ,
+.Sy \&ku ,
+.Sy \&kd ,
+and
+.Sy \&kh ,
+respectively.
+If there are function keys such as f0, f1, ..., f9, the codes they send
+can be given as
+.Sy \&k0 ,
+.Sy \&k1 ,
+...,
+.Sy \&k9 .
+If these keys have labels other than the default f0 through f9, the labels
+can be given as
+.Sy \&l0 ,
+.Sy \&l1 ,
+...,
+.Sy \&l9 .
+The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be given:
+.Sy \&kH
+(home down),
+.Sy \&kb
+(backspace),
+.Sy \&ka
+(clear all tabs),
+.Sy \&kt
+(clear the tab stop in this column),
+.Sy \&kC
+(clear screen or erase),
+.Sy \&kD
+(delete character),
+.Sy \&kL
+(delete line),
+.Sy \&kM
+(exit insert mode),
+.Sy \&kE
+(clear to end of line),
+.Sy \&kS
+(clear to end of screen),
+.Sy \&kI
+(insert character or enter insert mode),
+.Sy \&kA
+(insert line),
+.Sy \&kN
+(next page),
+.Sy \&kP
+(previous page),
+.Sy \&kF
+(scroll forward/down),
+.Sy \&kR
+(scroll backward/up), and
+.Sy \&kT
+(set a tab stop in this column).
+In addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array of keys
+including the four arrow keys, then the other five keys can be given as
+.Sy \&K1 ,
+.Sy \&K2 ,
+.Sy \&K3 ,
+.Sy \&K4 ,
+and
+.Sy \&K5 .
+These keys are useful when the effects of a 3 by 3 directional pad are needed.
+The obsolete
+.Sy \&ko
+capability formerly used to describe
+.Dq other
+function keys has been
+completely supplanted by the above capabilities.
+.Pp
+The
+.Sy \&ma
+entry is also used to indicate arrow keys on terminals that have
+single-character arrow keys.
+It is obsolete but still in use in
+version 2 of
+.Sy \&vi
+which must be run on some minicomputers due to
+memory limitations.
+This field is redundant with
+.Sy \&kl ,
+.Sy \&kr ,
+.Sy \&ku ,
+.Sy \&kd ,
+and
+.Sy \&kh .
+It consists of groups of two characters.
+In each group, the first character is what an arrow key sends, and the
+second character is the corresponding
+.Sy \&vi
+command.
+These commands are
+.Ar h
+for
+.Sy \&kl ,
+.Ar j
+for
+.Sy \&kd ,
+.Ar k
+for
+.Sy \&ku ,
+.Ar l
+for
+.Sy \&kr ,
+and
+.Ar H
+for
+.Sy \&kh .
+For example, the Mime would have
+.Dq Li ma=^Hh^Kj^Zk^Xl
+indicating arrow keys left (^H), down (^K), up (^Z), and right (^X).
+(There is no home key on the Mime.)
+.Ss Tabs and Initialization
+If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when running
+a program that uses these capabilities,
+the codes to enter and exit this mode can be given as
+.Sy \&ti
+and
+.Sy \&te .
+This arises, for example, from terminals like the Concept with more than
+one page of memory.
+If the terminal has only memory-relative cursor addressing and not
+screen-relative cursor addressing,
+a screen-sized window must be fixed into
+the display for cursor addressing to work properly.
+This is also used for the Tektronix 4025, where
+.Sy \&ti
+sets the command character to be the one used by
+.Nm termcap .
+.Pp
+Other capabilities
+include
+.Sy \&is ,
+an initialization string for the terminal,
+and
+.Sy \&if ,
+the name of a file containing long initialization strings.
+These strings are expected to set the terminal into modes
+consistent with the rest of the
+.Nm termcap
+description.
+They are normally sent to the terminal by the
+.Xr tset
+program each time the user logs in.
+They will be printed in the following order:
+.Sy \&is ;
+setting tabs using
+.Sy \&ct
+and
+.Sy \&st ;
+and finally
+.Sy \&if .
+.Pf ( Xr Terminfo
+uses
+.Sy \&i\&1-i2
+instead of
+.Sy \&is
+and runs the program
+.Sy \&iP
+and prints
+.Sy "\&i\&3"
+after the other initializations.)
+A pair of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally unknown state
+can be analogously given as
+.Sy \&rs
+and
+.Sy \&if .
+These strings are output by the
+.Xr reset
+program, which is used when the terminal gets into a wedged state.
+.Pf ( Xr Terminfo
+uses
+.Sy "\&r1-r3"
+instead of
+.Sy \&rs . )
+Commands are normally placed in
+.Sy \&rs
+and
+.Sy \&rf
+only if they produce annoying effects on the screen and are not necessary
+when logging in.
+For example, the command to set the VT100 into 80-column mode
+would normally be part of
+.Sy \&is ,
+but it causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not normally needed
+since the terminal is usually already in 80-column mode.
+.Pp
+If the terminal has hardware tabs,
+the command to advance to the next tab stop can be given as
+.Sy \&ta
+(usually
+.Sy \&^I ) .
+A
+.Dq backtab
+command which moves leftward to the previous tab stop
+can be given as
+.Sy \&bt .
+By convention,
+if the terminal driver modes indicate that tab stops are being expanded
+by the computer rather than being sent to the terminal,
+programs should not use
+.Sy \&ta
+or
+.Sy \&bt
+even if they are present,
+since the user may not have the tab stops properly set.
+If the terminal has hardware tabs that are initially set every
+.Ar n
+positions when the terminal is powered up, then the numeric parameter
+.Sy \&it
+is given, showing the number of positions between tab stops.
+This is normally used by the
+.Xr tset
+command to determine whether to set the driver mode for hardware tab
+expansion, and whether to set the tab stops.
+If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved in nonvolatile memory, the
+.Nm termcap
+description can assume that they are properly set.
+.Pp
+If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can be given as
+.Sy \&ct
+(clear all tab stops) and
+.Sy \&st
+(set a tab stop in the current column of every row).
+If a more complex sequence is needed to set the tabs than can be
+described by this, the sequence can be placed in
+.Sy \&is
+or
+.Sy \&if .
+.Ss Delays
+Certain capabilities control padding in the terminal driver.
+These are primarily needed by hardcopy terminals and are used by the
+.Xr tset
+program to set terminal driver modes appropriately.
+Delays embedded in the capabilities
+.Sy \&cr ,
+.Sy \&sf ,
+.Sy \&le ,
+.Sy \&ff ,
+and
+.Sy \&ta
+will cause the appropriate delay bits to be set in the terminal driver.
+If
+.Sy \&pb
+(padding baud rate) is given, these values can be ignored at baud rates
+below the value of
+.Sy \&pb .
+For
+.Bx 4.2
+.Xr tset ,
+the delays are given as numeric capabilities
+.Sy \&dC ,
+.Sy \&dN ,
+.Sy \&dB ,
+.Sy \&dF ,
+and
+.Sy \&dT
+instead.
+.Ss Miscellaneous
+If the terminal requires other than a
+.Dv NUL
+(zero) character as a pad,
+this can be given as
+.Sy \&pc .
+Only the first character of the
+.Sy \&pc
+string is used.
+.Pp
+If the terminal has commands to save and restore the position of the
+cursor, give them as
+.Sy \&sc
+and
+.Sy \&rc .
+.Pp
+If the terminal has an extra
+.Dq status line
+that is not normally used by
+software, this fact can be indicated.
+If the status line is viewed as an extra line below the bottom line,
+then the capability
+.Sy \&hs
+should be given.
+Special strings to go to a position in the status line and to return
+from the status line can be given as
+.Sy \&ts
+and
+.Sy \&fs .
+.Pf ( Xr \&fs
+must leave the cursor position in the same place that it was before
+.Sy \&ts .
+If necessary, the
+.Sy \&sc
+and
+.Sy \&rc
+strings can be included in
+.Sy \&ts
+and
+.Sy \&fs
+to get this effect.)
+The capability
+.Sy \&ts
+takes one parameter, which is the column number of the status line
+to which the cursor is to be moved.
+If escape sequences and other special commands such as tab work while in
+the status line, the flag
+.Sy \&es
+can be given.
+A string that turns off the status line (or otherwise erases its contents)
+should be given as
+.Sy \&ds .
+The status line is normally assumed to be the same width as the
+rest of the screen,
+.Em i.e . ,
+.Sy \&co .
+If the status line is a different width (possibly because the terminal
+does not allow an entire line to be loaded), then its width in columns
+can be indicated with the numeric parameter
+.Sy \&ws .
+.Pp
+If the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can be
+indicated with
+.Sy \&hu
+(half-line up) and
+.Sy \&hd
+(half-line down).
+This is primarily useful for superscripts and subscripts on hardcopy
+terminals.
+If a hardcopy terminal can eject to the next page (form feed),
+give this as
+.Sy \&ff
+(usually
+.Sy \&^L ) .
+.Pp
+If there is a command to repeat a given character a given number of times
+(to save time transmitting a large number of identical characters),
+this can be indicated with the parameterized string
+.Sy \&rp .
+The first parameter is the character to be repeated and the second is
+the number of times to repeat it.
+(This is a
+.Xr terminfo
+feature that is unlikely to be supported by a program that uses
+.Nm termcap . )
+.Pp
+If the terminal has a settable command character, such as the
+Tektronix 4025, this can be indicated with
+.Sy \&CC .
+A prototype command character is chosen which is used in all capabilities.
+This character is given in the
+.Sy \&CC
+capability to identify it.
+The following convention is supported on some
+.Ux
+systems:
+The environment is to be searched for a
+.Ev \&CC
+variable,
+and if found,
+all occurrences of the prototype character are replaced by the character
+in the environment variable.
+This use of the
+.Ev \&CC
+environment variable
+is a very bad idea, as it conflicts with
+.Xr make 1 .
+.Pp
+Terminal descriptions that do not represent a specific kind of known
+terminal, such as
+.Em switch ,
+.Em dialup ,
+.Em patch ,
+and
+.Xr network ,
+should include the
+.Sy \&gn
+(generic) capability so that programs can complain that they do not know
+how to talk to the terminal.
+(This capability does not apply to
+.Em virtual
+terminal descriptions for which the escape sequences are known.)
+.Pp
+If the terminal uses xoff/xon
+.Pq Tn DC3 Ns / Ns Tn DC1
+handshaking for flow control, give
+.Sy \&xo .
+Padding information should still be included so that routines can make
+better decisions about costs, but actual pad characters will not be
+transmitted.
+.Pp
+If the terminal has a
+.Dq meta key
+which acts as a shift key, setting the
+8th bit of any character transmitted, then this fact can be indicated with
+.Sy \&km .
+Otherwise, software will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it will
+usually be cleared.
+If strings exist to turn this
+.Dq meta mode
+on and off, they can be given as
+.Sy \&mm
+and
+.Sy \&mo .
+.Pp
+If the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on the screen at once,
+the number of lines of memory can be indicated with
+.Sy \&lm .
+An explicit value of 0 indicates that the number of lines is not fixed,
+but that there is still more memory than fits on the screen.
+.Pp
+If the terminal is one of those supported by the
+.Ux
+system virtual
+terminal protocol, the terminal number can be given as
+.Sy \&vt .
+.Pp
+Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer
+connected to the terminal can be given as
+.Sy \&ps :
+print the contents of the screen;
+.Sy \&pf :
+turn off the printer; and
+.Sy \&po :
+turn on the printer.
+When the printer is on, all text sent to the terminal will be sent to the
+printer.
+It is undefined whether the text is also displayed on the terminal screen
+when the printer is on.
+A variation
+.Sy \&pO
+takes one parameter and leaves the printer on for as many characters as the
+value of the parameter, then turns the printer off.
+The parameter should not exceed 255.
+All text, including
+.Sy \&pf ,
+is transparently passed to the printer while
+.Sy \&pO
+is in effect.
+.Pp
+Strings to program function keys can be given as
+.Sy \&pk ,
+.Sy \&pl ,
+and
+.Sy \&px .
+Each of these strings takes two parameters: the function key number
+to program (from 0 to 9) and the string to program it with.
+Function key numbers out of this range may program undefined keys
+in a terminal-dependent manner.
+The differences among the capabilities are that
+.Sy \&pk
+causes pressing the given key to be the same as the user typing the given
+string;
+.Sy \&pl
+causes the string to be executed by the terminal in local mode;
+and
+.Sy \&px
+causes the string to be transmitted to the computer.
+Unfortunately, due to lack of a definition for string parameters in
+.Nm termcap ,
+only
+.Xr terminfo
+supports these capabilities.
+.Ss Glitches and Braindamage
+Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow `~' characters to be displayed,
+should indicate
+.Sy \&hz .
+.Pp
+The
+.Sy \&nc
+capability, now obsolete, formerly indicated Datamedia terminals,
+which echo
+.Sy \&\er \en
+for
+carriage return then ignore a following linefeed.
+.Pp
+Terminals that ignore a linefeed immediately after an
+.Sy \&am
+wrap, such as the Concept, should indicate
+.Sy \&xn .
+.Pp
+If
+.Sy \&ce
+is required to get rid of standout
+(instead of merely writing normal text on top of it),
+.Sy \&xs
+should be given.
+.Pp
+Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved over to blanks,
+should indicate
+.Sy \&xt
+(destructive tabs).
+This glitch is also taken to mean that it is not possible
+to position the cursor on top of a \*(lqmagic cookie\*(rq, and that
+to erase standout mode it is necessary to use delete and insert line.
+.Pp
+The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly transmit the
+.Dv ESC
+or
+.Sy \&^C
+characters, has
+.Sy \&xb ,
+indicating that the
+.Dq \&f\&1
+key is used for
+.Dv ESC
+and
+.Dq \&f\&2
+for ^C.
+(Only certain Superbees have this problem, depending on the
+.Tn ROM . )
+.Pp
+Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by adding more
+capabilities of the form
+.Sy x Em x .
+.Ss Similar Terminals
+If there are two very similar terminals,
+one can be defined as being just like the other with certain exceptions.
+The string capability
+.Sy \&tc
+can be given
+with the name of the similar terminal.
+This capability must be
+.Em last ,
+and the combined length of the entries
+must not exceed 1024.
+The capabilities given before
+.Sy \&tc
+override those in the terminal type invoked by
+.Sy \&tc .
+A capability can be canceled by placing
+.Sy \&xx@
+to the left of the
+.Sy \&tc
+invocation, where
+.Sy \&xx
+is the capability.
+For example, the entry
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+hn\||\|2621\-nl:ks@:ke@:tc=2621:
+.Ed
+.Pp
+defines a
+.Dq 2621\-nl
+that does not have the
+.Sy \&ks
+or
+.Sy \&ke
+capabilities,
+hence does not turn on the function key labels when in visual mode.
+This is useful for different modes for a terminal, or for different
+user preferences.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/termcap.db -compact
+.It Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap
+File containing terminal descriptions.
+.It Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap.db
+Hash database file containing terminal descriptions (see 
+.Xr cap_mkdb 1 ) .
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr \&ex 1 ,
+.Xr cap_mkdb 1 ,
+.Xr more 1 ,
+.Xr tset 1 ,
+.Xr \&ul 1 ,
+.Xr vi 1 ,
+.Xr curses 3 ,
+.Xr printf 3 ,
+.Xr termcap 3 ,
+.Xr term 7
+.Sh CAVEATS AND BUGS
+The
+.Em Note :
+.Nm termcap
+functions
+were replaced by
+.Xr terminfo
+in
+.At V
+Release 2.0.
+The transition will be relatively painless if capabilities flagged as
+.Dq obsolete
+are avoided.
+.Pp
+Lines and columns are now stored by the kernel as well as in the termcap
+entry.
+Most programs now use the kernel information primarily; the information
+in this file is used only if the kernel does not have any information.
+.Pp
+.Xr \&Vi
+allows only 256 characters for string capabilities, and the routines
+in
+.Xr termlib 3
+do not check for overflow of this buffer.
+The total length of a single entry (excluding only escaped newlines)
+may not exceed 1024.
+.Pp
+Not all programs support all entries.
+.Sh HISTORY
+The
+.Nm
+file format appeared in
+.Bx 3 .