BSD 4.4 Lite Share Sources

17 files changed, 3475 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/share/man/man0/Makefile b/share/man/man0/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2a12b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1986, 1993 Regents of the University of California.
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+#	@(#)Makefile	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/29/94
+#
+SRCS=	man1 man2 man3 man4 man5 man6 man7 man8
+
+MACROS=	-ms
+PRINTER=Pps
+TBL=	tbl
+TROFF=	groff
+
+all: title.urm.${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER}
+
+print: title.urm.${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER}
+	lpr -${PRINTER} title.urm.${PRINTER}
+	lpr -${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER}
+
+title.urm.${PRINTER}: title.urm ptxx
+	${TBL} title.urm | ${TROFF} ${MACROS} >title.urm.${PRINTER}
+
+title.prm.${PRINTER}: ${SRCS} title.prm ptxx
+	${TROFF} title.prm >title.prm.${PRINTER}
+
+ptxx:
+	./tocrc
+
+man1pages: man1
+	rm -f man1.out
+	for i in `cat man1`; do \
+		sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man1pages; \
+	done;
+
+man2pages: man2
+	rm -f man2.out
+	for i in `cat man2`; do groff -man $$i >>man2pages; done;
+
+man3pages: man3
+	rm -f man3.out
+	for i in `cat man3`; do groff -man $$i >>man3pages; done;
+
+man4pages: man4
+	rm -f man4.out
+	for i in `cat man4`; do groff -man $$i >>man4pages; done;
+
+man5pages: man5
+	rm -f man5.out
+	for i in `cat man5`; do \
+		sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man5pages; \
+	done;
+
+man6pages: man6
+	rm -f man6.out
+	for i in `cat man6`; do groff -man $$i >>man6pages; done;
+
+man7pages: man7
+	rm -f man7.out
+	for i in `cat man7`; do \
+		sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man7pages; \
+	done;
+
+man8pages: man8
+	rm -f man8.out
+	for i in `cat man8`; do groff -man $$i >>man8pages; done;
+
+clean:
+	rm -f title.urm.[PT]* title.prm.[PT]* toc? tocx? ptxx \
+		*.spell errs Errs make.out
diff --git a/share/man/man0/break b/share/man/man0/break
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6db0726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/break
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+
+;
+:
+.
+,
diff --git a/share/man/man0/cover b/share/man/man0/cover
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fad428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/cover
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)cover	8.1 (Berkeley) 7/20/93
+.\"
+.ps 36
+.vs 40p
+.de t
+\&
+.sp |3.5i
+.ce 10
+\fBSection  \\$1
+.sp 0.5
+\\$2
+\\$3
+\\$4
+\\$5\fP
+.ce 0
+.bp
+..
+.t 1 Commands and Application Programs
+.t 2 System Calls
+.t 3 C-Library Subroutines
+.t 4 Special Files
+.t 5 File Formats
+.t 6 Games
+.t 7 Miscellaneous
+.t 8 System Maintenance
+\&
+.sp |3.5i
+.ce 10
+\fBSystem
+Management
+Documents\fP
+.ce 1
diff --git a/share/man/man0/cshcmd b/share/man/man0/cshcmd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c9ba3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/cshcmd
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+csh(1) alias: shell macros.
+csh(1) bg: place job in background.
+csh(1) break: exit while/foreach loop.
+csh(1) breaksw: exit from switch.
+csh(1) case: selector in switch.
+csh(1) cd: change directory.
+csh(1) chdir: change directory.
+csh(1) continue: cycle in loop.
+csh(1) default: catchall clause in switch.
+csh(1) echo: echo arguments.
+csh(1) else: alternative commands.
+csh(1) end: terminate loop.
+csh(1) endif: terminate conditional.
+csh(1) endsw: terminate switch.
+csh(1) eval: re-evaluate shell data.
+csh(1) exec: overlay shell with specified command.
+csh(1) exit: leave shell.
+csh(1) fg: bring job into foreground.
+csh(1) foreach: loop over list of names.
+csh(1) glob: filename expand argument list.
+csh(1) goto: command transfer.
+csh(1) hashstat: print command hashing statistics.
+csh(1) history: print history event list.
+csh(1) if: conditional statement.
+csh(1) jobs: print current job list.
+csh(1) kill: kill jobs and processes.
+csh(1) limit: alter per-process resource limitations.
+csh(1) login: login new user.
+csh(1) logout: end session.
+csh(1) nice: run low priority process.
+csh(1) nohup: run command immune to hangups.
+csh(1) notify: request immediate notification.
+csh(1) onintr: process interrupts in command scripts.
+csh(1) popd: pop shell directory stack.
+csh(1) pushd: push shell directory stack.
+csh(1) rehash: recompute command hash table.
+csh(1) repeat: execute command repeatedly.
+csh(1) set: change value of shell variable.
+csh(1) setenv: set variable in environment.
+csh(1) shift: manipulate argument list.
+csh(1) source: read commands from file.
+csh(1) stop: halt a job or process.
+csh(1) suspend: suspend a shell, resuming its superior.
+csh(1) switch: multi-way command branch.
+csh(1) time: time command.
+csh(1) umask: change or display file creation mask.
+csh(1) unalias: remove aliases.
+csh(1) unhash: discard command hash table.
+csh(1) unlimit: remove resource limitiations.
+csh(1) unsetenv: remove environment variables.
+csh(1) unset: discard shell variables.
+csh(1) wait: wait for background processes to complete.
+csh(1) while: repeat commands conditionally.
+csh(1) @: arithmetic on shell variables.
diff --git a/share/man/man0/groff.sed b/share/man/man0/groff.sed
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe8ea6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/groff.sed
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+s/@MDATE@/June 30, 1993/
+s/@VERSION@/1.08/
+s,@DEFAULT_INDEX@,/usr/share/dict/papers/Ind,
+s,@DEFAULT_INDEX_NAME@,/usr/share/dict/papers/Ind,
+s,@COMMON_WORDS_FILE@,/usr/share/dict/papers/words,
+s,@INDEX_SUFFIX@,.i,
+s,@DEVICE@,/usr/share/groff_font,
+s,@FONTDIR@,/usr/share/groff_font,
+s,@FONTPATH@,/usr/share/groff_font,
+s,@MACRODIR@,/usr/share/tmac,
+s,@TMAC_M@,/usr/share/tmac/tmac.m,
+s,@TMAC_MDIR@,/usr/share/tmac,
+s/@g@//
+s/@G@//
+s/@MAN1EXT@/1/
+s/@MAN2EXT@/2/
+s/@MAN3EXT@/3/
+s/@MAN4EXT@/4/
+s/@MAN5EXT@/5/
+s/@MAN6EXT@/6/
+s/@MAN7EXT@/7/
+s/@MAN8EXT@/8/
diff --git a/share/man/man0/ignore b/share/man/man0/ignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1498edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/ignore
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+-
+\-
+10
+11
+16
+144
+2
+201
+3
+4014
+6
+7
+77
+a
+about
+across
+after
+al
+al
+all
+allow
+am
+among
+an
+and
+and/or
+any
+another
+are
+B
+back
+be
+been
+between
+bits
+by
+dialect
+do
+et
+extreme
+facts
+feeds
+fitting
+for
+from
+general
+get
+has
+head
+in
+integer
+integers
+interval
+into
+intro
+is
+it
+its
+knowledge
+large
+last
+later
+local
+long
+low
+map
+o
+of
+off
+on
+or
+other
+out
+package
+part
+periodically
+pieces
+prejudice
+problem
+service
+simple
+special
+system
+tac
+that
+the
+them
+they
+this
+to
+toe
+turn
+two
+until
+way
+with
+yet
+you
+your
diff --git a/share/man/man0/man1 b/share/man/man0/man1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f826fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/man1
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+/usr/src/share/man/man1/intro.1
+/usr/src/old/adb/common_source/adb.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/addftinfo/addftinfo.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/afmtodit/afmtodit.1
+/usr/src/contrib/ansi/ansitape.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/apply/apply.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/apropos/apropos.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/ar/ar.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/at/at/at.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/at/atq/atq.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/at/atrm/atrm.1
+/usr/src/contrib/gawk-2.15.2/awk.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/basename/basename.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/bc/bc.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1
+/usr/src/contrib/bib/man/bib.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/biff/biff.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/cal/cal.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/calendar/calendar.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/cap_mkdb/cap_mkdb.1
+/usr/src/bin/cat/cat.1
+/usr/src/contrib/gcc-2.3.3/cc.1
+/usr/src/share/man/man1/cd.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/checknr/checknr.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/chflags/chflags.1
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/chown/chgrp.1
+/usr/src/lib/librpc/secure_rpc/man/chkey.1
+/usr/src/bin/chmod/chmod.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/chpass/chpass.1
+/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/ci.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/cksum/cksum.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/cmp/cmp.1
+/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/co.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/col/col.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/colcrt/colcrt.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/colrm/colrm.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/column/column.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/comm/comm.1
+/usr/src/old/compact/compact/compact.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/compress/compress.1
+/usr/src/bin/cp/cp.1
+/usr/src/contrib/gcc-2.3.3/cpp.1
+/usr/src/old/crypt/crypt.1
+/usr/src/bin/csh/csh.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/ctags/ctags.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/cut/cut.1
+/usr/src/bin/date/date.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/dc/dc.1
+/usr/src/bin/dd/dd.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/deroff/deroff.1
+/usr/src/bin/df/df.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/diction/diction/diction.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/diff/diff/diff.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/diff/diff3/diff3.1
+/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/dig.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/du/du.1
+/usr/src/bin/sh/bltin/echo.1
+/usr/src/contrib/ed/ed.1
+/usr/src/contrib/emacs-18.57/etc/emacs.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/eqn/eqn.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/error/error.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/expand/expand.1
+/usr/src/bin/expr/expr.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/false/false.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/file/file.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/find/find.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/finger/finger.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/fmt/fmt.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/fold/fold.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/fpr/fpr.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/from/from.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/fsplit/fsplit.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/fstat/fstat.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/ftp/ftp.1
+/usr/src/contrib/gcc-2.3.3/g++.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/gcore/gcore.1
+/usr/src/contrib/gdb-4.7.LBL/gdb/gdb.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/gprof/gprof.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/graph/graph.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/grep/egrep/grep.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/grodvi/grodvi.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/groff/groff.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/grog/grog.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/grops/grops.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/grotty/grotty.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/id/groups.1
+/usr/src/contrib/gzip-1.2.4/gzexe.1
+/usr/src/contrib/gzip-1.2.4/gzip.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/head/head.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/hexdump/hexdump.1
+/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/host.1
+/usr/src/bin/hostname/hostname.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/id/id.1
+/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/ident.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/indent/indent.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/indxbib/indxbib.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/xinstall/install.1
+/usr/src/contrib/bib/man/invert.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/join/join.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/jot/jot.1
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdestroy.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/kdump/kdump.1
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kerberos.1
+/usr/src/lib/librpc/secure_rpc/man/keylogin.1
+/usr/src/bin/kill/kill.1
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kinit.1
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/klist.1
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/ksrvtgt.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/ktrace/ktrace.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/lam/lam.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/last/last.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/lastcomm/lastcomm.1
+/usr/src/old/ld/ld.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/learn/learn/learn.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/leave/leave.1
+/usr/src/contrib/flex-2.4.6/lex.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/lkbib/lkbib.1
+/usr/src/bin/ln/ln.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/lock/lock.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/logger/logger.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/login/login.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/logname/logname.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/look/look.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/lookbib/lookbib.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/lorder/lorder.1
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpq/lpq.1
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpr/lpr.1
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lprm/lprm.1
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lptest/lptest.1
+/usr/src/bin/ls/ls.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/m4/m4.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/mail/mail.1
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/mailq.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/make/make.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/man/man.1
+/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/merge.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/mkfifo/mkfifo.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/mklocale/mklocale.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/mkstr/mkstr.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/more/more.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/tn3270/mset/mset.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/msgs/msgs.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/mt/mt.1
+/usr/src/bin/mv/mv.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/netstat/netstat.1
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/newaliases.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/nfsstat/nfsstat.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/nice/nice.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/nm/nm.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/nohup/nohup.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/nroff/nroff.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/hexdump/od.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/pagesize/pagesize.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/passwd/passwd.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/paste/paste.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/patch/patch.1
+/usr/src/bin/pax/pax.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/ptx/ptx.1
+/usr/src/bin/pwd/pwd.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/quota/quota.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/ranlib/ranlib.1
+/usr/src/bin/rcp/rcp.1
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+/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/rcsfreeze.1
+/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/rcsintro.1
+/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/rcsmerge.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/rdist/rdist.1
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+/usr/src/lib/librpc/man/man1/rstat.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/strip/strip.1
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+/usr/src/bin/stty/stty.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/diction/style/style.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/su/su.1
+/usr/src/old/sum/sum.1
+/usr/src/old/symorder/symorder.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/systat/systat.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/tail/tail.1
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+/usr/src/old/tar/tar.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/tcopy/tcopy.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/telnet/telnet.1
+/usr/src/bin/test/test.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/time/time.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/tip/tip.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/tn3270/tn3270/tn3270.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/touch/touch.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/tput/tput.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/tr/tr.1
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/troff/troff.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/tsort/tsort.1
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+/usr/src/usr.bin/ul/ul.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uname/uname.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/unifdef/unifdef.1
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uniq/uniq.1
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e4d130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/man2
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8175586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/man3
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4113309
--- /dev/null
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+/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/rb.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/rd.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/route.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/spp.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/st.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/tc.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/tcp.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/termios.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/tp.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/tty.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/udp.4
+/usr/src/share/man/man4/unix.4
+/usr/src/lib/libc/locale/utf2.4
diff --git a/share/man/man0/man5 b/share/man/man0/man5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..731023c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/man5
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/a.out.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/acct.5
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/aliases.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/ar/ar.5.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/core.5
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/cron/crontab.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/dir.5
+/usr/src/sbin/disklabel/disklabel.5.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/disktab.5
+/usr/src/games/dm/dm.conf.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/dump.5
+/usr/src/sbin/mountd/exports.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/fs.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/fstab.5
+/usr/src/libexec/getty/gettytab.5
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/man/groff_font.5
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/man/groff_out.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/group.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/hosts.5
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/krb.conf.5
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/krb.realms.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L-devices.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L-dialcodes.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L.aliases.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L.cmds.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L.sys.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/man/man.conf.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/tn3270/mset/map3270.5
+/usr/src/sbin/mountd/netgroup.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/networks.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/passwd.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/phones.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/plot.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/printcap.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/protocols.5
+/usr/src/lib/librpc/secure_rpc/man/publickey.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/ranlib/ranlib.5.5
+/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/rcsfile.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/remote.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/resolver.5
+/usr/src/lib/librpc/man/man5/rpc.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/services.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/shells.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/stab.5
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/syslogd/syslog.conf.5
+/usr/src/old/tar/tarformat.5
+/usr/src/share/termcap/termcap.5
+/usr/src/libexec/getty/ttys.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/types.5
+/usr/src/share/zoneinfo/tzfile.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/USERFILE.5
+/usr/src/share/man/man5/utmp.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uuencode/uuencode.format.5
+/usr/src/usr.bin/vgrind/vgrindefs.5
diff --git a/share/man/man0/man6 b/share/man/man0/man6
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ef02cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/man6
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/usr/src/games/adventure/adventure.6
+/usr/src/games/arithmetic/arithmetic.6
+/usr/src/games/atc/atc.6
+/usr/src/games/backgammon/backgammon/backgammon.6
+/usr/src/usr.bin/banner/banner.6
+/usr/src/games/battlestar/battlestar.6
+/usr/src/games/bcd/bcd.6
+/usr/src/games/boggle/boggle/boggle.6
+/usr/src/games/caesar/caesar.6
+/usr/src/games/canfield/canfield/canfield.6
+/usr/src/games/chess/chess.6
+/usr/src/games/ching/ching.6
+/usr/src/games/cribbage/cribbage.6
+/usr/src/contrib/dungeon/dungeon.6
+/usr/src/games/factor/factor.6
+/usr/src/games/fish/fish.6
+/usr/src/games/fortune/fortune/fortune.6
+/usr/src/games/hack/hack.6
+/usr/src/games/hangman/hangman.6
+/usr/src/contrib/hunt/hunt.6
+/usr/src/contrib/hunt/huntd.6
+/usr/src/games/larn/larn.6
+/usr/src/games/mille/mille.6
+/usr/src/games/monop/monop.6
+/usr/src/games/number/number.6
+/usr/src/games/phantasia/phantasia.6
+/usr/src/games/pig/pig.6
+/usr/src/games/pom/pom.6
+/usr/src/games/quiz/quiz.6
+/usr/src/games/rain/rain.6
+/usr/src/games/random/random.6
+/usr/src/games/robots/robots.6
+/usr/src/games/rogue/rogue.6
+/usr/src/games/sail/sail.6
+/usr/src/games/snake/snake/snake.6
+/usr/src/games/tetris/tetris.6
+/usr/src/games/trek/trek.6
+/usr/src/games/worm/worm.6
+/usr/src/games/worms/worms.6
+/usr/src/games/wump/wump.6
+/usr/src/games/xneko/xneko.6
+/usr/src/games/xroach/xroach.6
diff --git a/share/man/man0/man7 b/share/man/man0/man7
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5683ebb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/man7
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/intro.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/ascii.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/environ.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/eqnchar.7
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/man/groff_char.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/hier.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/hostname.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/mailaddr.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/man.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/mdoc.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/mdoc.samples.7
+/usr/src/share/me/me.7
+/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/mm/mm.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/ms.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/operator.7
+/usr/src/lib/libc/regex/re_format.7
+/usr/src/bin/ln/symlink.7
+/usr/src/share/man/man7/term.7
diff --git a/share/man/man0/man8 b/share/man/man0/man8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b92703
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/man8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+/usr/src/share/man/man8/intro.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/ac/ac.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/acucntrl/acucntrl.8
+/usr/src/share/man/man8/adduser.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/amd/amd/amd.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/amd/amq/amq.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/arp/arp.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/bad144/bad144.8
+/usr/src/sbin/badsect/badsect.8
+/usr/src/sbin/reboot/boot_hp300.8
+/usr/src/sbin/reboot/boot_sparc.8
+/usr/src/libexec/bugfiler/bugfiler.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/chown/chown.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/chroot/chroot.8
+/usr/src/sbin/clri/clri.8
+/usr/src/libexec/comsat/comsat.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/config/config.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/config.new/config.new.8
+/usr/src/share/man/man8/man8.hp300/crash.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/cron/cron.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/dev_mkdb/dev_mkdb.8
+/usr/src/sbin/disklabel/disklabel.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/diskpart/diskpart.8
+/usr/src/games/dm/dm.8
+/usr/src/sbin/dmesg/dmesg.8
+/usr/src/sbin/dump/dump.8
+/usr/src/sbin/dumpfs/dumpfs.8
+/usr/src/sbin/dumplfs/dumplfs.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/edquota/edquota.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/eeprom/eeprom.8
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/ext_srvtab.8
+/usr/src/sbin/fastboot/fastboot.8
+/usr/src/libexec/fingerd/fingerd.8
+/usr/src/share/man/man8/man8.hp300/format.8
+/usr/src/sbin/fsck/fsck.8
+/usr/src/sbin/fsdb/fsdb.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/amd/fsinfo/fsinfo.8
+/usr/src/libexec/ftpd/ftpd.8
+/usr/src/libexec/getty/getty.8
+/usr/src/sbin/icheck/icheck.8
+/usr/src/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/inetd/inetd.8
+/usr/src/sbin/init/init.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/iostat/iostat.8
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdb_destroy.8
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdb_edit.8
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdb_init.8
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdb_util.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/kgmon/kgmon.8
+/usr/src/libexec/kpasswdd/kpasswdd.8
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kstash.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/kvm_mkdb/kvm_mkdb.8
+/usr/src/libexec/lfs_cleanerd/lfs_cleanerd.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpc/lpc.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpd/lpd.8
+/usr/src/libexec/mail.local/mail.local.8
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/make_keypair/make_keypair.8
+/usr/src/share/man/man8/makedev.8
+/usr/src/share/man/man8/man8.hp300/MAKEDEV.8
+/usr/src/libexec/makekey/makekey.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/makemap/makemap.8
+/usr/src/contrib/mh-6.8.3a/conf/mh-gen.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/amd/mk-amd-map/mk-amd-map.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mknod/mknod.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/mkproto/mkproto.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount/mount.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_cd9660/mount_cd9660.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_fdesc/mount_fdesc.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_kernfs/mount_kernfs.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_lfs/mount_lfs.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_nfs/mount_nfs.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_null/mount_null.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_portal/mount_portal.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_procfs/mount_procfs.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_umap/mount_umap.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mount_union/mount_union.8
+/usr/src/sbin/mountd/mountd.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/mtree/mtree.8
+/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/named.8
+/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/named-xfer.8
+/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/named.reload.8
+/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/named.restart.8
+/usr/src/sbin/ncheck/ncheck.8
+/usr/src/sbin/newfs/newfs.8
+/usr/src/sbin/newlfs/newlfs.8
+/usr/src/sbin/nfsd/nfsd.8
+/usr/src/sbin/nfsiod/nfsiod.8
+/usr/src/sbin/nologin/nologin.8
+/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/nslookup.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/pac/pac.8
+/usr/src/sbin/ping/ping.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/portmap/portmap.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/pstat/pstat.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/pwd_mkdb/pwd_mkdb.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/quot/quot.8
+/usr/src/sbin/quotacheck/quotacheck.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/quotaon/quotaon.8
+/usr/src/libexec/rbootd/rbootd.8
+/usr/src/share/man/man8/rc.8
+/usr/src/sbin/reboot/reboot.8
+/usr/src/kerberosIV/registerd/registerd.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/renice/renice.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/repquota/repquota.8
+/usr/src/sbin/restore/restore.8
+/usr/src/libexec/rexecd/rexecd.8
+/usr/src/libexec/rlogind/rlogind.8
+/usr/src/bin/rmail/rmail.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/rmt/rmt.8
+/usr/src/sbin/route/route.8
+/usr/src/sbin/routed/routed.8
+/usr/src/libexec/rshd/rshd.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/rwhod/rwhod.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/sa/sa.8
+/usr/src/sbin/savecore/savecore.8
+/usr/src/sbin/scsiformat/scsiformat.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/sendmail.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/showmount/showmount.8
+/usr/src/sbin/shutdown/shutdown.8
+/usr/src/sbin/slattach/slattach.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/sliplogin/sliplogin.8
+/usr/src/share/man/man8/sticky.8
+/usr/src/sbin/swapon/swapon.8
+/usr/src/bin/sync/sync.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/sysctl/sysctl.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/syslogd/syslogd.8
+/usr/src/libexec/talkd/talkd.8
+/usr/src/libexec/telnetd/telnetd.8
+/usr/src/libexec/tftpd/tftpd.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/timed/timed/timed.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/timed/timedc/timedc.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/traceroute/traceroute.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/trpt/trpt.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/trsp/trsp.8
+/usr/src/sbin/tunefs/tunefs.8
+/usr/src/sbin/umount/umount.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/update/update.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uucico/uucico.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uuclean/uuclean.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uupoll/uupoll.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uusnap/uusnap.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uuxqt/uuxqt.8
+/usr/src/usr.sbin/vipw/vipw.8
+/usr/src/usr.bin/vmstat/vmstat.8
+/usr/src/sbin/XNSrouted/XNSrouted.8
+/usr/src/share/zoneinfo/zic.8
diff --git a/share/man/man0/title.prm b/share/man/man0/title.prm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20b1106
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/title.prm
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)title.prm	8.1 (Berkeley) 7/19/93
+.\"
+.ps 18
+.vs 22
+.sp 2.75i
+.ft B
+.ce 2
+UNIX Programmer's Reference Manual
+(PRM)
+.ps 14
+.vs 16
+.sp |4i
+.ce 2
+4.4 Berkeley Software Distribution
+.sp |5.75i
+.ft R
+.pt 12
+.vs 16
+.ce
+June, 1993
+.sp |8.2i
+.ce 5
+Computer Systems Research Group
+Computer Science Division
+Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
+University of California
+Berkeley, California  94720
+.bp
+\&
+.sp |1i
+.hy 0
+.ps 10
+.vs 12p
+Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993
+The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.sp 2
+Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below
+as copyrighted by AT&T,
+redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms,
+with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
+following conditions are met:
+.sp 0.5
+.in +0.2i
+.ta 0.2i
+.ti -0.2i
+1)	Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright
+notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.ti -0.2i
+2)	Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must
+reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and
+the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
+provided with the distribution.
+.ti -0.2i
+3)	All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+must display the following acknowledgement:
+``This product includes software developed by the University of
+California, Berkeley and its contributors.''
+.ti -0.2i
+4)	Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+without specific prior written permission.
+.in -0.2i
+.sp
+\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP
+.sp 2
+The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American
+National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have
+given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.
+.sp
+In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
+of the system documentation.
+.sp 0.5
+``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
+electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE
+Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments
+(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
+Engineers, Inc.  In the event of any discrepancy between these versions
+and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee
+document.''
+.sp
+In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions
+of the system documentation.
+.sp 0.5
+``This material is reproduced with permission from American National
+Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems.  Computer and
+Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW,
+Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178.  The developmental work of
+Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.''
+.sp 2
+Manual pages ptrace.2, ecvt.3, mp.3, plot.3, L-devices.5, L-dialcodes.5,
+L.aliases.5, L.cmds.5, L.sys.5, USERFILE.5, dump.5, and plot.5
+are copyright 1979, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated.
+Holders of \x'-1p'UNIX\v'-4p'\s-3TM\s0\v'4p'/32V,
+System III, or System V software licenses are
+permitted to copy these documents, or any portion of them,
+as necessary for licensed use of the software,
+provided this copyright notice and statement of permission
+are included.
+.sp 2
+The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the
+authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies,
+either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California.
+.br
+.ll 6.5i
+.lt 6.5i
+.po .75i
+.in 0i
+.af % i
+.ds ET\"
+.de HD
+.po 0
+.lt 7.4i
+.tl ''''
+.lt
+.po
+'sp 18p
+.if o .tl '\\*(ET''\\*(OT'
+.if e .tl '\\*(OT''\\*(ET'
+'sp 18p
+.ns
+..
+.de FO
+'sp 18p
+.if e .tl '\s9\\*(Dt''\\*(Ed\s0'
+.if o .tl '\s9\\*(Ed''\\*(Dt\s0'
+'bp
+..
+.wh 0 HD
+.wh -60p FO
+.bp
+.ds ET \s9\f2Table \|of \|Contents\fP\s0
+.ds OT - % -
+.ce
+\f3TABLE \|OF \|CONTENTS\fP
+.nr x .5i
+.in +\nxu
+.nf
+.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR
+.de xx
+\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2
+..
+.de t
+.sp 1v
+.ne .5i
+.cs 3
+.ti -.5i
+.ss 18
+\f3\s9\\$2. \\$3\s0\fP
+.ss 12
+.if t .sp .5v
+.cs 3 36
+.ds Ed Section \\$2
+.ds Dt \\$3
+.so \\$1
+..
+.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc2 2 "System Calls"
+.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines"
+.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc4 4 "Special Files"
+.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc5 5 "File Formats"
+.in -.5i
+.cs 3
+.if n .ta 8n 16n 24n 32n 40n 48n 56n 64n 72n 80n
+.if t .ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
diff --git a/share/man/man0/title.urm b/share/man/man0/title.urm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..237ab2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/title.urm
@@ -0,0 +1,1927 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)title.urm	8.7 (Berkeley) 4/20/94
+.\"
+.af % i
+.EH ''''
+.OH ''''
+.OF '''\s10- % -\s0'
+.EF '\s10- % -\s0'''
+\&
+.sp |2.75i
+.nr PS 24
+.nr VS 28
+.LP
+.ft B
+.ce 2
+UNIX User's Reference Manual
+(URM)
+.nr LL 5.5i
+.nr PO 1.5i
+.bp
+\&
+.sp |1.5i
+.nr PS 11
+.nr VS 13
+.LP
+The USENIX Association,
+the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization,
+is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and
+institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems,
+and, by extension, C++, X windows, and other programming tools.
+It is dedicated to:
+.IP \(bu
+fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments,
+.IP \(bu
+sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX,
+UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and
+.IP \(bu
+providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical
+thought and airing of technical issues.
+.LP
+USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP),
+Conference and Workshop Proceedings, and a Book Series.
+.nr LL 6i
+.nr PO 1i
+.bp
+\&
+.sp |2.75i
+.nr PS 18
+.nr VS 22
+.LP
+.ft B
+.ce 2
+UNIX User's Reference Manual
+(URM)
+.sp |4i
+.ce 2
+4.4 Berkeley Software Distribution
+(June, 1993)
+.sp 3
+.nr PS 15
+.nr VS 18
+.LP
+.ce 2
+Computer Systems Research Group
+University of California, Berkeley
+.sp |8.2i
+.nr PS 12
+.nr VS 15
+.LP
+.ce 4
+A USENIX Association Book
+The MIT Press
+Cambridge, Massachusetts
+London, England
+.bp
+.hy 0
+.nr PS 9
+.nr VS 11
+.LP
+First Printing, 1993
+.sp 1
+.LP
+Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993
+The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.sp 1
+.LP
+Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below
+as copyrighted by AT&T,
+redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms,
+with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
+following conditions are met:
+.IP 1)
+Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright
+notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.IP 2)
+Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must
+reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and
+the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
+provided with the distribution.
+.IP 3)
+All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+must display the following acknowledgement:
+``This product includes software developed by the University of
+California, Berkeley and its contributors.''
+.IP 4)
+Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+without specific prior written permission.
+.LP
+\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP
+.sp 1
+.LP
+The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American
+National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have
+given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.
+.sp 0.5
+.LP
+In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
+of the system documentation.
+.LP
+``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
+electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE
+Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments
+(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
+Engineers, Inc.  In the event of any discrepancy between these versions
+and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee
+document.''
+.sp 0.5
+.LP
+In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions
+of the system documentation.
+.LP
+``This material is reproduced with permission from American National
+Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems.  Computer and
+Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW,
+Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178.  The developmental work of
+Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.''
+.sp 1
+.LP
+Manual pages adb.1, bc.1, compact.1, crypt.1, dc.1, deroff.1, ed.1,
+expr.1, graph.1, ld.1, learn.1, m4.1, plot.1, ptx.1, spell.1,
+spline.1, struct.1, tar.1, units.1, uucp.1, uux.1, ching.6, eqnchar.7,
+man.7, ms.7, and term.7
+are copyright 1979, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated.
+Holders of \x'-1p'UNIX\v'-4p'\s-3TM\s0\v'4p'/32V,
+System III, or System V software licenses are
+permitted to copy these documents, or any portion of them,
+as necessary for licensed use of the software,
+provided this copyright notice and statement of permission
+are included.
+.sp 1
+.LP
+The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the
+authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies,
+either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California.
+.sp 1
+.LP
+This book was printed and bound in the United States of America.
+.br
+Distributed by The MIT Press.
+.bp
+\&
+.sp |1.5i
+.nr PS 11
+.nr VS 13
+.LP
+.ce 1
+\s+4\fBContents\fP\s-4
+.sp 3
+.TS
+expand;
+l r.
+The Computer Systems Research Group, 1979\-1993	vii
+Prefaces	xi
+Introduction	xvii
+List of Manual Pages	xxiii
+Permuted Index	xli
+Reference Manual Sections 1, 6, 7	tabbed pages
+List of Documents	inside back cover
+.TE
+.if o .bp
+\&
+.bp
+.\"
+.\" The contributor list below is derived from the file that resides in
+.\" vangogh:~admin/contrib/contrib:
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)contrib	5.54 (Berkeley) 4/17/94
+.\"
+.\" This file should not be editted, rather the original contrib file
+.\" should be used to recrete this one following the directions at its top.
+.\" Contrib starts here and continues to the comment `END OF CONTRIB'.
+.\"
+\&
+.sp |1i
+.ps 16
+.ce
+\fBThe Computer Systems Research Group 1979 \- 1993\fP
+.sp 3
+.nr PS 11
+.nr VS 12
+.LP
+.nf
+.in +0.5i
+\fBCSRG Technical Staff\fP
+.sp 1
+.in +1i
+Jim Bloom
+Keith Bostic
+Ralph Campbell
+Kevin Dunlap
+William N. Joy
+Michael J. Karels
+Samuel J. Leffler
+Marshall Kirk McKusick
+Miriam Amos Nihart
+Keith Sklower
+Marc Teitelbaum
+Michael Toy
+.in -1i
+.sp 3
+\fBCSRG Administration and Support\fP
+.sp 1
+.in +1i
+Robert Fabry
+Domenico Ferrari
+Susan L. Graham
+Bob Henry
+Anne Hughes
+Bob Kridle
+David Mosher
+Pauline Schwartz
+Mark Seiden
+Jean Wood
+.in -1i
+.fi
+.sp 3
+\fBOrganizations that funded the CSRG with grants,
+gifts, personnel, and/or hardware.\fP
+.sp 1
+.nf
+.in +1i
+Center for Advanced Aviation System Development, The MITRE Corp.
+Compaq Computer Corporation
+Cray Research Inc.
+Department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
+Digital Equipment Corporation
+The Hewlett-Packard Company
+NASA Ames Research Center
+The National Science Foundation
+The Open Software Foundation
+UUNET Technologies Inc.
+.in -1.5i
+.fi
+.bp
+.nr PS 10
+.nr VS 11
+.LP
+\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a
+large subsystem for the BSD releases.\fP
+.sp
+.TS
+l l.
+ANSI C library	Chris Torek
+ANSI C prototypes	Donn Seeley and John Kohl
+Autoconfiguration	Robert Elz
+C library documentation	American National Standards Committee X3
+CCI 6/32 support	Computer Consoles Inc.
+DEC 3000/5000 support	Ralph Campbell
+Disklabels	Symmetric Computer Systems
+Documentation	Cynthia Livingston and The USENIX Association
+Franz Lisp	Richard Fateman, John Foderaro, Keith Sklower, Kevin Layer
+GCC, GDB	The Free Software Foundation
+Groff	James Clark (The FSF)
+HP300 support	Jeff Forys, Mike Hibler, Jay Lepreau, Donn Seeley and the Systems
+	Programming Group; University of Utah Computer Science Department
+ISODE	Marshall Rose
+Ingres	Mike Stonebraker, Gene Wong, and the Berkeley Ingres Research Group
+Intel 386/486 support	Bill Jolitz and TeleMuse
+Job control	Jim Kulp
+Kerberos	Project Athena and MIT
+Kernel support	Bill Shannon and Sun Microsystems Inc.
+LFS	Margo Seltzer, Mendel Rosenblum, Carl Staelin
+MIPS support	Trent Hein
+Math library	K.C. Ng, Zhishun Alex Liu, S. McDonald, P. Tang and W. Kahan
+NFS	Rick Macklem
+NFS automounter	Jan-Simon Pendry
+Network device drivers	Micom-Interlan and Excelan
+Omron Luna support	Akito Fujita and Shigeto Mochida
+Quotas	Robert Elz
+RPC support	Sun Microsystems Inc.
+Shared library support	Rob Gingell and Sun Microsystems Inc.
+Sony News 3400 support	Kazumasa Utashiro
+Sparc I/II support	Computer Systems Engineering Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
+Stackable file systems	John Heidemann
+Stdio	Chris Torek
+System documentation	The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+TCP/IP	Rob Gurwitz and Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
+Timezone support	Arthur David Olson
+Transport/Network OSI layers	IBM Corporation and the University of Wisconsin
+Kernel XNS assistance	William Nesheim, J. Q. Johnson, Chris Torek, and James O'Toole
+User level XNS	Cornell University
+VAX 3000 support	Mt. Xinu and Tom Ferrin
+VAX BI support	Chris Torek
+VAX device support	Digital Equipment Corporation and Helge Skrivervik
+Versatec printer/plotter support	University of Toronto
+Virtual memory implementation	Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young,
+	and the Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project
+X25 	University of British Columbia
+.TE
+.bp
+.LP
+\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a specific
+item, program, library routine or program maintenance for the BSD system.
+(Their contribution may not be part of the final 4.4BSD release.)\fP
+.sp 0.4
+.nr PS 9
+.nr VS 10
+.ps 9
+.vs 10
+.TS
+l l.
+386 device drivers	Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project
+386 device drivers	Don Ahn, Sean Fagan and Tim Tucker
+HCX device drivers	Harris Corporation
+Kernel enhancements	Robert Elz, Peter Ivanov, Ian Johnstone, Piers Lauder,
+	John Lions, Tim Long, Chris Maltby, Greg Rose and John Wainwright 
+ISO-9660 filesystem	Pace Willisson, Atsushi Murai
+.TE
+.TS
+l l l l.
+adventure(6)	Don Woods	log(3)	Peter McIlroy
+adventure(6)	Jim Gillogly	look(1)	David Hitz
+adventure(6)	Will Crowther	ls(1)	Elan Amir
+apply(1)	Rob Pike	ls(1)	Michael Fischbein
+ar(1)	Hugh A. Smith	lsearch(3)	Roger L. Snyder
+arithmetic(6)	Eamonn McManus	m4(1)	Ozan Yigit
+arp(8)	Sun Microsystems Inc.	mail(1)	Kurt Schoens
+at(1)	Steve Wall	make(1)	Adam de Boor
+atc(6)	Ed James	me(7)	Eric Allman
+awk(1)	Arnold Robbins	mergesort(3)	Peter McIlroy
+awk(1)	David Trueman	mh(1)	Marshall Rose
+backgammon(6)	Alan Char	mh(1)	The Rand Corporation
+banner(1)	Mark Horton	mille(6)	Ken Arnold
+battlestar(6)	David Riggle	mknod(8)	Kevin Fall
+bcd(6)	Steve Hayman	monop(6)	Ken Arnold
+bdes(1)	Matt Bishop	more(1)	Eric Shienbrood
+berknet(1)	Eric Schmidt	more(1)	Mark Nudleman
+bib(1)	Dain Samples	mountd(8)	Herb Hasler
+bib(1)	Gary M. Levin	mprof(1)	Ben Zorn
+bib(1)	Timothy A. Budd	msgs(1)	David Wasley
+bitstring(3)	Paul Vixie	multicast	Stephen Deering
+boggle(6)	Barry Brachman	mv(1)	Ken Smith
+bpf(4)	Steven McCanne	named/bind(8)	Douglas Terry
+btree(3)	Mike Olson	named/bind(8)	Kevin Dunlap
+byte-range locking	Scooter Morris	news(1)	Rick Adams (and a cast of thousands)
+caesar(6)	John Eldridge	nm(1)	Hans Huebner
+caesar(6)	Stan King	pascal(1)	Kirk McKusick
+cal(1)	Kim Letkeman	pascal(1)	Peter Kessler
+cat(1)	Kevin Fall	paste(1)	Adam S. Moskowitz
+chess(6)	Stuart Cracraft (The FSF)	patch(1)	Larry Wall
+ching(6)	Guy Harris	pax(1)	Keith Muller
+cksum(1)	James W. Williams	phantasia(6)	C. Robertson
+clri(8)	Rich $alz	phantasia(6)	Edward A. Estes
+col(1)	Michael Rendell	ping(8)	Mike Muuss
+comm(1)	Case Larsen	pom(6)	Keith E. Brandt
+compact(1)	Colin L. McMaster	pr(1)	Keith Muller
+compress(1)	James A. Woods	primes(6)	Landon Curt Noll
+compress(1)	Joseph Orost	qsort(3)	Doug McIlroy
+compress(1)	Spencer Thomas	qsort(3)	Earl Cohen
+courier(1)	Eric Cooper	qsort(3)	Jon Bentley
+cp(1)	David Hitz	quad(3)	Chris Torek
+cpio(1)	AT&T	quiz(6)	Jim R. Oldroyd
+crypt(3)	Tom Truscott	quiz(6)	Keith Gabryelski
+csh(1)	Christos Zoulas	radixsort(3)	Dan Bernstein
+csh(1)	Len Shar	radixsort(3)	Peter McIlroy
+curses(3)	Elan Amir	rain(6)	Eric P. Scott
+curses(3)	Ken Arnold	ranlib(1)	Hugh A. Smith
+cut(1)	Adam S. Moskowitz	rcs(1)	Walter F. Tichy
+cut(1)	Marciano Pitargue	rdist(1)	Michael Cooper
+dbx(1)	Mark Linton	regex(3)	Henry Spencer
+dd(1)	Keith Muller	robots(6)	Ken Arnold
+dd(1)	Lance Visser	rogue(6)	Timothy C. Stoehr
+des(1)	Jim Gillogly	rs(1)	John Kunze
+des(1)	Phil Karn	sail(6)	David Riggle
+des(1)	Richard Outerbridge	sail(6)	Edward Wang
+dipress(1)	Xerox Corporation	sccs(1)	Eric Allman
+disklabel(8)	Symmetric Computer Systems	scsiformat(1)	Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
+du(1)	Chris Newcomb	sdb(1)	Howard Katseff
+dungeon(6)	R.M. Supnik	sed(1)	Diomidis Spinellis
+ed(1)	Rodney Ruddock	sendmail(8)	Eric Allman
+emacs(1)	Richard Stallman	setmode(3)	Dave Borman
+erf(3)	Peter McIlroy, K.C. Ng	sh(1)	Kenneth Almquist
+error(1)	Robert R. Henry	slattach(8)	Rick Adams
+ex(1)	Mark Horton	slip(8)	Rick Adams
+factor(6)	Landon Curt Noll	spms(1)	Peter J. Nicklin
+file(1)	Ian Darwin	strtod(3)	David M. Gay
+find(1)	Cimarron Taylor	swab(3)	Jeffrey Mogul
+finger(1)	Tony Nardo	sysconf(3)	Sean Eric Fagan
+fish(6)	Muffy Barkocy	sysline(1)	J.K. Foderaro
+fmt(1)	Kurt Schoens	syslog(3)	Eric Allman
+fnmatch(3)	Guido van Rossum	systat(1)	Bill Reeves
+fold(1)	Kevin Ruddy	systat(1)	Robert Elz
+fortune(6)	Ken Arnold	tail(1)	Edward Sze-Tyan Wang
+fpr(1)	Robert Corbett	talk(1)	Clem Cole
+fsdb(8)	Computer Consoles Inc.	talk(1)	Kipp Hickman
+fsplit(1)	Asa Romberger	talk(1)	Peter Moore
+fsplit(1)	Jerry Berkman	telnet(1)	Dave Borman
+gcc/groff integration	UUNET Technologies, Inc.	telnet(1)	Paul Borman
+gcore(1)	Eric Cooper	termcap(5)	John A. Kunze
+getcap(3)	Casey Leedom	termcap(5)	Mark Horton
+glob(3)	Guido van Rossum	test(1)	Kenneth Almquist
+gprof(1)	Peter Kessler	tetris(6)	Chris Torek
+gprof(1)	Robert R. Henry	tetris(6)	Darren F. Provine
+hack(6)	Andries Brouwer (and a cast of thousands)	timed(8)	Riccardo Gusella
+hangman(6)	Ken Arnold	timed(8)	Stefano Zatti
+hash(3)	Margo Seltzer	tn3270(1)	Gregory Minshall
+heapsort(3)	Elmer Yglesias	tr(1)	Igor Belchinskiy
+heapsort(3)	Kevin Lew	traceroute(8)	Van Jacobson
+heapsort(3)	Ronnie Kon	trek(6)	Eric Allman
+hunt(6)	Conrad Huang	tset(1)	Eric Allman
+hunt(6)	Greg Couch	tsort(1)	Michael Rendell
+icon(1)	Bill Mitchell	unifdef(1)	Dave Yost
+icon(1)	Ralph Griswold	uniq(1)	Case Larsen
+indent(1)	David Willcox	uucpd(8)	Rick Adams
+indent(1)	Eric Schmidt	uudecode(1)	Mark Horton
+indent(1)	James Gosling	uuencode(1)	Mark Horton
+indent(1)	Sun Microsystems	uuq(1)	Lou Salkind
+init(1)	Donn Seeley	uuq(1)	Rick Adams
+j0(3)	Sun Microsystems, Inc.	uusnap(8)	Randy King
+j1(3)	Sun Microsystems, Inc.	uusnap(8)	Rick Adams
+jn(3)	Sun Microsystems, Inc.	vacation(1)	Eric Allman
+join(1)	David Goodenough	vi(1)	Steve Kirkendall
+join(1)	Michiro Hikida	which(1)	Peter Kessler
+join(1)	Steve Hayman	who(1)	Michael Fischbein
+jot(1)	John Kunze	window(1)	Edward Wang
+jove(1)	Jonathon Payne	worm(6)	Michael Toy
+kermit(1)	Columbia University	worms(6)	Eric P. Scott
+kvm(3)	Peter Shipley	write(1)	Craig Leres
+kvm(3)	Steven McCanne	write(1)	Jef Poskanzer
+lam(1)	John Kunze	wump(6)	Dave Taylor
+larn(6)	Noah Morgan	X25/Ethernet	Univ. of Erlangen-Nuremberg
+lastcomm(1)	Len Edmondson	X25/LLC2	Dirk Husemann
+lex(1)	Vern Paxson	xargs(1)	John B. Roll Jr.
+libm(3)	Peter McIlroy	xneko(6)	Masayuki Koba
+libm(3)	UUNET Technologies, Inc.	XNSrouted(1)	Bill Nesheim
+locate(1)	James A. Woods	xroach(6)	J.T. Anderson
+lock(1)	Bob Toxen	yacc(1)	Robert Paul Corbett
+.TE
+.\"
+.\" END OF CONTRIB: Contrib ends here.
+.\"
+.if o .bp
+\&
+.bp
+.nr PS 10
+.nr VS 12
+\&
+.sp |1.5i
+.LP
+.ce
+\fB\s+4PREFACE\s-4\fP
+.sp 3
+.NH 1
+Introduction
+.PP
+The major new facilities available in the 4.4BSD release are
+a new virtual memory system, 
+the addition of ISO/OSI networking support,
+a new virtual filesystem interface supporting filesystem stacking,
+a freely redistributable implementation of NFS,
+a log-structured filesystem,
+enhancement of the local filesystems to support
+files and filesystems that are up to 2^63 bytes in size,
+enhanced security and system management support,
+and the conversion to and addition of the IEEE Std1003.1 (``POSIX'')
+facilities and many of the IEEE Std1003.2 facilities.
+In addition, many new utilities and additions have been made to the C-library.
+The kernel sources have been reorganized to collect all machine-dependent
+files for each architecture under one directory,
+and most of the machine-independent code is now free of code
+conditional on specific machines.
+The user structure and process structure have been reorganized
+to eliminate the statically-mapped user structure and to make most
+of the process resources shareable by multiple processes.
+The system and include files have been converted to be compatible
+with ANSI C, including function prototypes for most of the exported
+functions.
+There are numerous other changes throughout the system.
+.NH 1
+Changes in the Kernel
+.PP
+This release includes several important structural kernel changes.
+The kernel uses a new internal system call convention;
+the use of global (``u-dot'') variables for parameters and error returns
+has been eliminated,
+and interrupted system calls no longer abort using non-local goto's (longjmp's).
+A new sleep interface separates signal handling from scheduling priority,
+returning characteristic errors to abort or restart the current system call.
+This sleep call also passes a string describing the process state,
+which is used by the ps(1) program.
+The old sleep interface can be used only for non-interruptible sleeps.
+.PP
+Many data structures that were previously statically allocated
+are now allocated dynamically.
+These structures include mount entries, file entries,
+user open file descriptors, the process entries, the vnode table,
+the name cache, and the quota structures.
+.PP
+The 4.4BSD distribution adds support for several new architectures including
+SPARC-based Sparcstations 1 and 2,
+MIPS-based Decstation 3100 and 5000 and Sony NEWS,
+68000-based Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 and Omron Luna, and
+386-based Personal Computers.
+Both the HP300 and SPARC ports feature the ability to run binaries
+built for the native operating system (HP-UX or SunOS) by emulating
+their system calls.
+Though this native operating system compatibility was provided by the
+developers as needed for their purposes and is by no means complete,
+it is complete enough to run several non-trivial applications including
+those that require HP-UX or SunOS shared libraries.
+For example, the vendor supplied X11 server and windowing environment
+can be used on both the HP300 and SPARC.
+.NH 2
+Virtual memory changes
+.PP
+The new virtual memory implementation is derived from the MACH
+operating system developed at Carnegie-Mellon,
+and was ported to the BSD kernel at the University of Utah.
+The MACH virtual memory system call interface has been replaced with the
+``mmap''-based interface described in the ``Berkeley Software
+Architecture Manual''.
+The interface is similar to the interfaces shipped
+by several commercial vendors such as Sun, USL, and Convex Computer Corp.
+The integration of the new virtual memory is functionally complete,
+but, like most MACH-based virtual memory systems,
+still has serious performance problems under heavy memory load.
+.NH 2
+Networking additions and changes
+.PP
+The ISO/OSI Networking consists of a kernel implementation of
+transport class 4 (TP-4),
+connectionless networking protocol (CLNP),
+and 802.3-based link-level support (hardware-compatible with Ethernet*).
+.FS
+*Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation.
+.FE
+We also include support for ISO Connection-Oriented Network Service,
+X.25, TP-0.
+The session and presentation layers are provided outside
+the kernel by the ISO development environment (ISODE).
+Included in this development environment are file
+transfer and management (FTAM), virtual terminals (VT),
+a directory services implementation (X.500), and miscellaneous other utilities.
+.PP
+Several important enhancements have been added to the TCP/IP
+protocols including TCP header prediction and
+serial line IP (SLIP) with header compression.
+The routing implementation has been completely rewritten
+to use a hierarchical routing tree with a mask per route
+to support the arbitrary levels of routing found in the ISO protocols.
+The routing table also stores and caches route characteristics
+to speed the adaptation of the throughput and congestion avoidance
+algorithms.
+.NH 2
+Additions and changes to filesystems
+.PP
+The 4.4BSD distribution contains most of the interfaces
+specified in the IEEE Std1003.1 system interface standard.
+Filesystem additions include IEEE Std1003.1 FIFOs,
+byte-range file locking, and saved user and group identifiers.
+.PP
+A new virtual filesystem interface has been added to the
+kernel to support multiple filesystems.
+In comparison with other interfaces,
+the Berkeley interface has been structured for more efficient support
+of filesystems that maintain state (such as the local filesystem).
+The interface has been extended with support for stackable
+filesystems done at UCLA.
+These extensions allow for filesystems to be layered on top of each
+other and allow new vnode operations to be added without requiring
+changes to existing filesystem implementations.
+For example, the umap filesystem
+is used to mount a sub-tree of an existing filesystem
+that uses a different set of uids and gids than the local system.
+Such a filesystem could be mounted from a remote site via NFS or it
+could be a filesystem on removable media brought from some foreign
+location that uses a different password file.
+.PP
+In addition to the local ``fast filesystem'',
+we have added an implementation of the network filesystem (NFS)
+that fully interoperates with the NFS shipped by Sun and its licensees.
+Because our NFS implementation was implemented using only the
+publicly available NFS specification,
+it does not require a license from Sun to use in source or binary form.
+By default it runs over UDP to be compatible with Sun's implementation.
+However, it can be configured on a per-mount basis to run over TCP.
+Using TCP allows it to be used quickly and efficiently through
+gateways and over long-haul networks.
+Using an extended protocol, it supports Leases to allow a limited
+callback mechanism that greatly reduces the network traffic necessary
+to maintain cache consistency between the server and its clients.
+.PP
+A new log-structured filesystem has been added that provides
+near disk-speed output and fast crash recovery.
+It is still experimental in the 4.4BSD release,
+so we do not recommend it for production use.
+We have also added a memory-based filesystem that runs in
+pageable memory, allowing large temporary filesystems without
+requiring dedicated physical memory.
+.PP
+The local ``fast filesystem'' has been enhanced to do 
+clustering which allows large pieces of files to be
+allocated contiguously resulting in near doubling
+of filesystem throughput.
+The filesystem interface has been extended to allow
+files and filesystems to grow to 2^63 bytes in size.
+The quota system has been rewritten to support both
+user and group quotas (simultaneously if desired).
+Quota expiration is based on time rather than
+the previous metric of number of logins over quota.
+This change makes quotas more useful on fileservers
+onto which users seldom login.
+.PP
+The system security has been greatly enhanced by the
+addition of additional file flags that permit a file to be
+marked as immutable or append only.
+Once set, these flags can only be cleared by the super-user
+when the system is running single user.
+To protect against indiscriminate reading or writing of kernel
+memory, all writing and most reading of kernel data structures
+must be done using a new ``sysctl'' interface.
+The information to be access is described through an extensible
+``Management Information Base'' (MIB).
+.NH 2
+POSIX terminal driver changes
+.PP
+The biggest area of change is a new terminal driver.
+The terminal driver is similar to the System V terminal driver
+with the addition of the necessary extensions to get the
+functionality previously available in the 4.3BSD terminal driver.
+4.4BSD also adds the IEEE Std1003.1 job control interface,
+which is similar to the 4.3BSD job control interface,
+but adds a security model that was missing in the
+4.3BSD job control implementation.
+A new system call, \fIsetsid\fP,
+creates a job-control session consisting of a single process
+group with one member, the caller, that becomes a session leader.
+Only a session leader may acquire a controlling terminal.
+This is done explicitly via a \s-1TIOCSCTTY\s+1 \fIioctl\fP call,
+not implicitly by an \fIopen\fP call.
+The call fails if the terminal is in use.
+.PP
+For backward compatibility,
+both the old \fIioctl\fP
+calls and old options to \fIstty\fP
+are emulated.
+.NH 1
+Changes to the utilities
+.PP
+There are several new tools and utilities included in this release.
+A new version of ``make'' allows much-simplified makefiles for the
+system software and allows compilation for multiple architectures
+from the same source tree (which may be mounted read-only).
+Notable additions to the libraries include functions to traverse a
+filesystem hierarchy, database interfaces to btree and hashing functions,
+a new, fast implementation of stdio and a radix sort function.
+The additions to the utility suite include greatly enhanced versions of
+programs that display system status information, implementations of
+various traditional tools described in the IEEE Std1003.2 standard,
+and many others.
+.PP
+We have been tracking the IEEE Std1003.2 shell and utility work
+and have included prototypes of many of the proposed utilities.
+Most of the traditional utilities have been replaced
+with implementations conformant to the POSIX standards.
+Almost the entire manual suite has been rewritten to
+reflect the POSIX defined interfaces.
+In rewriting this software, we have generally
+been rewarded with significant performance improvements.
+Most of the libraries and header files have been converted
+to be compliant with ANSI C.
+The system libraries and utilities all compile
+with either ANSI or traditional C.
+.PP
+The Kerberos (version 4) authentication software has been
+integrated into much of the system (including NFS) to provide
+the first real network authentication on BSD.
+.PP
+A new implementation of the \fIex/vi\fP text editors is available
+in this release.
+It is intended as a bug-for-bug compatible version of the editors.
+It also has a few new features: 8-bit clean data, lines and files
+limited only by memory and disk space, split screens, tags stacks
+and left-right scrolling among them.
+\fINex/nvi\fP
+is not yet production quality; future versions of this software may
+be retrieved by anonymous ftp from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the
+directory ucb/4bsd.
+.PP
+The \fIfind\fP
+utility has two new options that are important to be aware of if you
+intend to use NFS.
+The ``fstype'' and ``prune'' options can be used together to prevent
+find from crossing NFS mount points.
+.NH 2
+Additions and changes to the libraries
+.PP
+The \fIcurses\fP
+library has been largely rewritten.
+Important additional features include support
+for scrolling and \fItermios\fP.
+.PP
+An application front-end editing library, named libedit, has been
+added to the system.
+.PP
+A superset implementation of the SunOS kernel memory interface library,
+\fIlibkvm\fP, has been integrated into the system.
+.PP
+Nearly the entire C-library has been rewritten.
+Some highlights of the changes to the 4.4BSD C-library:
+.IP \(bu
+The newly added \fIfts\fP
+functions will do either physical or logical traversal of
+a file hierarchy as well as handle essentially infinite depth
+filesystems and filesystems with cycles.
+All the utilities in 4.4BSD that traverse file hierarchies
+have been converted to use \fIfts\fP.
+The conversion has always resulted in a significant performance
+gain, often of four or five to one in system time.
+.IP \(bu
+The newly added \fIdbopen\fP
+functions are intended to be a family of database access methods.
+Currently, they consist of \fIhash\fP,
+an extensible, dynamic hashing scheme,
+\fIbtree\fP, a sorted, balanced tree structure (B+tree's), and
+\fIrecno\fP, a flat-file interface for fixed or variable length records
+referenced by logical record number.
+Each of the access methods stores associated key/data pairs and
+uses the same record oriented interface for access.
+Future versions of this software may be retrieved by anonymous ftp
+from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the directory ucb/4bsd.
+.IP \(bu
+The \fIqsort\fP
+function has been rewritten for additional performance.
+In addition, three new types of sorting functions,
+\fIheapsort\fP, \fImergesort\fP, and \fIradixsort\fP
+have been added to the system.
+The \fImergesort\fP
+function is optimized for data with pre-existing order,
+in which case it usually significantly outperforms \fIqsort\fP.
+The \fIradixsort\fP
+functions are variants of most-significant-byte radix sorting.
+They take time linear to the number of bytes to be
+sorted, usually significantly outperforming \fIqsort\fP
+on data that can be sorted in this fashion.
+An implementation of the POSIX 1003.2 standard \fIsort\fP
+based on \fIradixsort\fP is included in 4.4BSD.
+.IP \(bu
+The floating point support in the C-library has been replaced
+and is now accurate.
+.IP \(bu
+The C functions specified by both ANSI C, POSIX 1003.1 and
+1003.2 are now part of the C-library.
+This includes support for file name matching, shell globbing
+and both basic and extended regular expressions.
+.IP \(bu
+ANSI C multibyte and wide character support has been integrated.
+The rune functionality from the Bell Labs' Plan 9 system is provided
+as well.
+.IP \(bu
+The \fItermcap\fP
+functions have been generalized and replaced with a general
+purpose interface named \fIgetcap\fP.
+.IP \(bu
+The \fIstdio\fP
+routines have been replaced, and are usually much faster.
+In addition, the \fIfunopen\fP
+interface permits applications to provide their own I/O stream
+function support.
+.NH 1
+Acknowledgements
+.PP
+We were greatly assisted by the past employees of the Computer Systems
+Research Group: Mike Karels, Keith Sklower, and Marc Tietelbaum.
+Our distribution coordinator, Pauline Schwartz, has reliably managed
+the finances and the mechanics of shipping distributions for
+nearly the entire fourteen years of the group's existence.
+Without the help of lawyers Mary MacDonald, Joel Linzner,
+and Carla Shapiro, the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution would never
+have seen the light of day.
+Much help was provided by Chris Demetriou in getting bug fixes
+from NetBSD integrated back into the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution.
+.PP
+The vast majority of the 4.4BSD distribution comes from the numerous
+people in the UNIX community that provided their time and energy in
+creating the software contained in this release.
+We dedicate this distribution to them.
+.sp 1
+.in 4i
+.nf
+M. K. McKusick
+K. Bostic
+.fi
+.in 0
+.sp 3
+.nr PS 9
+.nr VS 10
+.LP
+.ne 1i
+.ce
+\fIPreface to the 4.3 Berkeley distribution\fP
+.sp 1
+.LP
+This update to the 4.2 distribution of August 1983 provides
+substantially improved performance, reliability, and security,
+the addition of Xerox Network System (NS) to the set of networking domains,
+and partial support for the VAX 8600 and MICROVAXII.
+.LP
+We were greatly assisted by the DEC UNIX Engineering group who
+provided two full time employees, Miriam Amos and Kevin Dunlap,
+to work at Berkeley. They were responsible for developing and
+debugging the distributed domain based name server
+and integrating it into the mail system.
+Mt Xinu provided the bug list distribution service as well as
+donating their MICROVAXII port to 4.3BSD.
+Drivers for the MICROVAXII were done by Rick Macklem
+at the University of Guelph.
+Sam Leffler provided valuable assistance and advice with many projects.
+Keith Sklower coordinated with William Nesheim and J. Q. Johnson at Cornell, 
+and Chris Torek and James O'Toole at the University of Maryland
+to do the Xerox Network Systems implementation.
+Robert Elz at the University of Melbourne contributed greatly
+to the performance work in the kernel.
+Donn Seeley and Jay Lepreau at the University of Utah
+relentlessly dealt with a myriad of details;
+Donn completed the unfinished performance work on Fortran 77
+and fixed numerous C compiler bugs.
+Ralph Campbell handled innumerable questions and problem reports
+and had time left to write rdist.
+George Goble was invaluable in shaking out the bugs on his
+production systems long before we were confident enough to
+inflict it on our users.
+Bill Shannon at Sun Microsystems has been helpful in 
+providing us with bug fixes and improvements.
+Tom Ferrin, in his capacity as Board Member of Usenix Association,
+handled the logistics of large-scale reproduction
+of the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals.
+Mark Seiden helped with the typesetting and indexing of the 4.3BSD manuals.
+Special mention goes to Bob Henry for keeping ucbvax running
+in spite of new and improved software and
+an ever increasing mail, news, and uucp load.
+.LP
+Numerous others contributed their time and energy in creating
+the user contributed software for the release.
+As always, we are grateful to the UNIX user community for 
+encouragement and support. 
+.LP
+Once again, the financial support of the Defense Advanced Research
+Projects Agency is gratefully acknowledged.
+.sp 1
+.in 4i
+.nf
+M. K. McKusick
+M. J. Karels
+J. M. Bloom
+.fi
+.in 0
+.sp 2
+.ne 2i
+.ce
+\fIPreface to the 4.2 Berkeley distribution\fP
+.sp 1
+This update to the 4.1 distribution of June 1981 provides support
+for the VAX 11/730, full networking and interprocess communication
+support, an entirely new file system, and many other new features.
+It is certainly the most ambitious release of software ever prepared
+here and represents many man-years of work.
+Bill Shannon (both at DEC and at Sun Microsystems)
+and Robert Elz of the University
+of Melbourne contributed greatly to this distribution
+through new device drivers and painful debugging episodes.
+Rob Gurwitz of BBN wrote the initial version of the code upon
+which the current networking support is based.
+Eric Allman of Britton-Lee donated countless hours to the mail system.
+Bill Croft (both at SRI and Sun Microsystems) aided in the
+debugging and development of the networking facilities.
+Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories also
+contributed greatly to this distribution, providing
+valuable advise and guidance.  Helge Skrivervik
+worked on the device drivers which enabled
+the distribution to be delivered with a TU58
+console cassette and RX01 console flopppy disk, and
+rewrote major portions of the standalone i/o system
+to support formatting of non-DEC peripherals.
+.LP
+Numerous others contributed their time and energy in organizing
+the user software for release, while many groups of people on
+campus suffered patiently through the low spots of development.
+As always, we are grateful to the UNIX user community for 
+encouragement and support. 
+.LP
+Once again, the financial support of the Defense Advanced Research
+Projects Agency is gratefully acknowledged.
+.sp 1
+.in 4i
+.nf
+S. J. Leffler
+W. N. Joy
+M. K. McKusick
+.fi
+.in 0
+.sp 2
+.ne 1i
+.ce
+\fIPreface to the 4.1 Berkeley distribution\fP
+.sp 1
+This update to the fourth distribution of November 1980 provides
+support for the VAX 11/750 and for the full interconnect architecture
+of the VAX 11/780.  Robert Elz of the University of Melbourne contributed
+greatly to this distribution especially in the boot-time system
+configuration code;  Bill Shannon of DEC supplied us with the
+implementation of DEC standard bad block handling.  The research
+group at Bell Laboratories and DEC Merrimack provided us with access
+to 11/750's in order to debug its support.
+.LP
+Other individuals too numerous to mention provided us with bug reports,
+fixes and other enhancements which are reflected in the system.  We
+are grateful to the UNIX user community for encouragement and
+support.
+.LP
+The financial support of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency
+in support of this work is gratefully acknowledged.
+.sp 1
+.in 4i
+.nf
+W. N. Joy
+R. S. Fabry
+K. Sklower
+.fi
+.in 0
+.sp 2
+.ne 1i
+.ce
+\fIPreface to the Fourth Berkeley distribution\fP
+.sp 1
+This manual reflects the Berkeley system mid-October, 1980.
+A large amount of tuning has been done in the system since the last release;
+we hope this provides as noticeable an improvement for you as it did for us.
+This release finds the system in transition; a number of facilities
+have been added in experimental versions (job control, resource limits)
+and the implementation of others is imminent (shared-segments, higher
+performance from the file system, etc.).
+Applications which use facilities that are in transition should be aware
+that some of the system calls and library routines will change
+in the near future.  We have tried to be conscientious and make it
+very clear where this is likely.
+.LP
+A new group has been formed
+at Berkeley, to assume responsibility for the future
+development and support of a version of UNIX on the VAX.
+The group has received funding from the
+Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
+to supply a standard version of the system to DARPA contractors.
+The same version of the system will be made available to other licensees
+of UNIX on the VAX for a duplication charge.
+We gratefully acknowledge
+the support of this contract.
+.LP
+We wish to acknowledge the contribution of a number of individuals to
+the the system.
+.LP
+We would especially like to thank
+Jim Kulp of IIASA,
+Laxenburg Austria and his colleagues,
+who first put job control facilities into UNIX;
+Eric Allman, Robert Henry, Peter Kessler and Kirk McKusick, who
+contributed major new pieces of software;
+Mark Horton, who contributed to the improvement of facilities and
+substantially improved the quality of our bit-mapped fonts,
+our hardware support staff:
+Bob Kridle,
+Anita Hirsch,
+Len Edmondson
+and
+Fred Archibald,
+who helped us to debug a number of new peripherals;
+Ken Arnold who did much of the leg-work in getting this version of the
+manual prepared, and did the final editing of sections 2-6,
+some special individuals within Bell Laboratories:
+Greg Chesson,
+Stuart Feldman,
+Dick Haight,
+Howard Katseff,
+Brian Kernighan,
+Tom London,
+John Reiser,
+Dennis Ritchie,
+Ken Thompson,
+and
+Peter Weinberger
+who helped out by answering questions;
+our excellent local DEC field service people,
+Kevin Althaus and Frank Chargois
+who kept our machine running virtually all the time, and fixed it quickly
+when things broke;
+and,
+Mike Accetta of Carnegie-Mellon University,
+Robert Elz of the University of Melbourne,
+George Goble of Purdue University,
+and
+David Kashtan of the Stanford Research Institute
+for their technical advice and support.
+.LP
+Special thanks to Bill Munson of DEC who helped by augmenting
+our computing facility
+and to Eric Allman for carefully proofreading the
+``last'' draft of the manual and finding the bugs which we knew were
+there but couldn't see. 
+.LP
+We dedicate this to the memory of David Sakrison, late chairman of our
+department, who gave his support to the establishment of our VAX
+computing facility, and to our department as a whole.
+.sp 1
+.in 4i
+.nf
+W. N. Joy
+\v'-3p'\h'2p'\*:\v'3p'\h'-2p'O. Babao\*~glu
+R. S. Fabry
+K. Sklower
+.fi
+.in 0
+.sp 2
+.ne 1i
+.ce
+\fIPreface to the Third Berkeley distribution\fP
+.sp 1
+This manual reflects the state of the Berkeley system, December 1979.
+We would like to thank all the people at Berkeley who have contributed to
+the system, and particularly thank
+Prof. Richard Fateman for creating and administrating a hospitable environment,
+Mark Horton who helped prepare this manual, and
+Eric Allman, Bob Kridle, Juan Porcar
+and Richard Tuck for their contributions to the kernel.
+.LP
+The cooperation of Bell Laboratories in providing us with an early version of
+\s-2UNIX\s0/32V is greatly appreciated.  We would especially like to thank
+Dr. Charles Roberts of Bell Laboratories for helping us obtain this release,
+and acknowledge
+T. B. London,
+J. F. Reiser,
+K. Thompson,
+D. M. Ritchie,
+G. Chesson and
+H. P. Katseff
+for their advice and support.
+.sp 1
+.in 4i
+W. N. Joy
+.br
+\v'-3p'\h'2p'\*:\v'3p'\h'-2p'O. Babao\*~glu
+.in 0
+.sp 2
+.ne 1i
+.ce
+\fIPreface to the UNIX/32V distribution\fP
+.sp 1
+The
+.UX
+operating system for the VAX*-11
+.FS
+*VAX and PDP are Trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.
+.FE
+provides substantially the same facilities as the
+\s-2UNIX\s0
+system for the PDP*-11.
+.LP
+We acknowledge the work of many who came before us, and particularly thank
+G. K. Swanson, W. M. Cardoza, D. K. Sharma, and J. F. Jarvis for assistance
+with the implementation for the VAX-11/780.
+.sp 1
+.in 4i
+T. B. London
+.br
+J. F. Reiser
+.in 0
+.sp 2
+.ne 1i
+.ce
+\fIPreface to the Seventh Edition\fP
+.sp 1
+.LP
+Although this Seventh Edition no longer bears their byline,
+Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie remain the fathers
+and preceptors of the
+\s-2UNIX\s0
+time-sharing system.
+Many of the improvements here described bear their mark.
+Among many, many other people who have contributed to
+the further flowering of
+\s-2UNIX\s0,
+we wish especially to
+acknowledge the contributions of
+A. V. Aho,
+S. R. Bourne,
+L. L. Cherry,
+G. L. Chesson,
+S. I. Feldman,
+C. B. Haley,
+R. C. Haight,
+S. C. Johnson,
+M. E. Lesk,
+T. L. Lyon,
+L. E. McMahon,
+R. Morris,
+R. Muha,
+D. A. Nowitz,
+L. Wehr,
+and
+P. J. Weinberger.
+We appreciate also 
+the effective advice and criticism of
+T. A. Dolotta,
+A. G. Fraser,
+J. F. Maranzano,
+and
+J. R. Mashey;
+and we remember the important work of
+the late Joseph F. Ossanna.
+.sp 1
+.in 4i
+B. W. Kernighan
+.br
+M. D. McIlroy
+.in 0
+.if o .bp
+\&
+.bp
+.de IR
+\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2
+..
+.de RI
+\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3
+..
+.ce
+\fB\s+4INTRODUCTION\s-4\fP
+.sp 1
+.nr PS 10
+.nr VS 12
+.LP
+The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar
+to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals.
+It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes.
+The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets;
+the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis.
+.DS
+I. User's Documents
+	User's Reference Manual [URM]
+		Commands (1)
+		Games (6)
+		Macro packages and language conventions (7)
+	User's Supplementary Documents [USD]
+		Getting Started
+		Basic Utilities
+		Communicating with the World
+		Text Editing
+		Document Preparation
+		Amusements
+
+II. Programmer's Documents
+	Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM]
+		System calls (2)
+		Subroutines (3)
+		Special files (4)
+		File formats and conventions (5)
+	Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD]
+		Documents of Historic Interest
+		Languages in common use
+		Programming Tools
+		Programming Libraries
+		General Reference
+
+III. System Manager's Manual [SMM]
+	Maintenance commands (8)
+	System Installation and Administration
+.DE
+.LP
+References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'',
+thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary
+Documents''.
+References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus
+.IR sh (1)
+refers to the shell manual entry in section 1.
+.LP
+The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the
+4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley.
+They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the
+4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation.
+Various documents on those topics are contained in the
+``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the
+``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD),
+and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM).
+In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1)
+by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see
+``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan,
+and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see
+``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5).
+.LP
+Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete
+and concise.  Where the latter two objectives conflict,
+the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity.
+It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be.
+Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date.
+.LP
+Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by
+the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are
+intended to be called by the user's programs.
+User commands are described in URM section 1.
+Commands generally reside in directory
+.I /bin
+(for
+.IR bin \|ary
+programs).
+Some programs also reside in
+.I
+/\|usr/\|bin,
+.R
+to save space in
+.I  /\|bin.
+.R
+These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters.
+Additional directories that may be of interest include
+.I
+/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin,
+.R
+which has contributed software
+.I
+/\|usr/\|old/\|bin,
+.R
+which has old but sometimes still useful software and
+.I
+/\|usr/\|local/\|bin,
+.R
+which contains software local to your site.
+.LP
+Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and
+.I
+/\|usr/\|games,
+.R
+to keep them from contaminating
+the more staid information of URM section 1.
+.LP
+Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for
+writing in various specialized languages such as character codes, 
+macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7.
+.LP
+System calls are entries into the BSD kernel.
+The system call interface is identical to a C language
+procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2.
+.LP
+An assortment of subroutines is available;
+they are described in PRM section 3.
+The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in
+.IR intro (3).
+The functions are described in terms of C.
+.LP
+PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of
+each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device.
+The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware,
+instead of the names of the special files themselves.
+.LP
+The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5)
+documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
+for example, the form of the output of the loader and
+assembler is given.  Excluded are files used by only one command,
+for example the assembler's intermediate files.
+.LP
+Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the
+system administrator are described in SMM section 8.
+The files described here are almost all kept in the directory
+.I /\|etc.
+The system administration binaries reside in
+.I
+/\|sbin,
+.R
+and
+.I
+/\|usr/\|sbin.
+.LP
+Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each.
+The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages,
+together with the section number.
+Entries within each section are alphabetized.
+The page numbers of each entry start at 1;
+it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of 
+a document like this that is republished in many variant forms.
+.LP
+All entries are based on a common format;
+not all subsections always appear.
+.RS
+.LP
+The
+.I name
+subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines
+covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose.
+.LP
+The
+.IR synopsis ""
+summarizes the use of the program being described.
+A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection:
+.LP
+.RS
+.B Boldface
+words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.
+.LP
+Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional.
+When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name.
+.LP
+Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype
+may be repeated.
+.LP
+A final convention is used by the commands themselves.
+An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an
+option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where
+a file name could appear.  Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose
+names begin with ``\-''.
+.LP
+.RE
+The
+.IR description ""
+subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
+.LP
+The
+.IR files ""
+subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program.
+.LP
+A
+.I
+see also
+.R
+subsection gives pointers to related information.
+.LP
+A
+.I  diagnostics
+subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced.
+Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.
+.LP
+The
+.IR bugs ""
+subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies.
+Occasionally the suggested fix is also described.
+.LP
+.RE
+At the beginning of URM is a table of contents,
+organized by section and alphabetically within each section.
+There is also a permuted index derived from the table of contents.
+Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which
+it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses.
+This fact is important because there is considerable
+name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that
+exist only to exercise a particular system call.
+Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume.
+.SH
+HOW TO GET STARTED
+.LP
+This section sketches the basic information you need to get started on \s-1UNIX\s+1;
+how to log in and log out, how to communicate through your terminal,
+and how to run a program.
+See ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 for Beginners'' in (USD:1) for a
+more complete introduction to the system.
+.LP
+.I
+Logging in.\ \ 
+.R
+Almost any ASCII terminal capable of
+full duplex operation and generating
+the entire character set can be used.
+You must have a valid user name,
+which may be obtained from the system administration.
+If you will be accessing \s-1UNIX\s+1 remotely, you will also
+need to obtain the telephone number for the system that you will be using.
+.LP
+After a data connection is established,
+the login procedure depends on what type of terminal you are using
+and local system conventions.
+If your terminal is directly connected to the computer,
+it generally runs at 9600 or 19200 baud.
+If you are using a modem running over a phone line,
+the terminal must be set at the speed appropriate for the modem you are using,
+typically 1200, 2400, or 9600 baud.
+The half/full duplex switch should always be set at full-duplex.
+(This switch will often have to be changed
+since many other systems require half-duplex).
+.LP
+When a connection is established, the system types ``login:'';
+you type your user name, followed by the ``return'' key.
+If you have a password, the system asks for it
+and suppresses echo to the terminal so the password will not appear.
+After you have logged in, the ``return'', ``new line'', or ``linefeed'' keys
+will give exactly the same results.
+A message-of-the-day usually greets you before your first prompt.
+.LP
+If the system types out a few garbage characters
+after you have established a data connection
+(the ``login:'' message at the wrong speed),
+depress the ``break'' (or ``interrupt'') key.
+This is a speed-independent signal to \s-1UNIX\s+1
+that a different speed terminal is in use.
+The system then will type ``login:,'' this time at another speed.
+Continue depressing the break key until ``login:'' appears clearly,
+then respond with your user name.
+.LP
+For all these terminals, it is important
+that you type your name in lower-case if possible; if you type
+upper-case letters,
+\s-1UNIX\s+1 will assume that your terminal cannot generate lower-case
+letters and will translate all subsequent lower-case letters to upper case.
+.LP
+The evidence that you have successfully logged in is that a shell program
+will type a prompt (``$'' or ``%'') to you.
+(The shells are described below under ``How to run a program.'')
+.LP
+For more information, consult
+.IR tset (1),
+and
+.IR stty (1),
+which tell how to adjust terminal behavior;
+.IR getty (8)
+discusses the login sequence in more detail, and
+.IR tty (4)
+discusses terminal I/O.
+.LP
+.I
+Logging out.\ \ 
+.R
+There are three ways to log out:
+.IP
+By typing ``logout'' or an end-of-file
+indication (EOT character, control-D) to the shell.
+The shell will terminate and the ``login:'' message will appear again.
+.IP
+You can log in directly as another user by giving a
+.IR login (1)
+command.
+.IP
+If worse comes to worse,
+you can simply hang up the phone; but beware \- some machines may
+lack the necessary hardware to detect that the phone has been hung up.
+Ask your system administrator if this is a problem on your machine.
+.LP
+.I
+How to communicate through your terminal.\ \ 
+.R
+When you type characters, a gnome deep in the system
+gathers your characters and saves them in a secret place.
+The characters will not be given to a program
+until you type a return (or newline), as described above in
+.I
+Logging in.
+.R
+.LP
+\s-1UNIX\s+1 terminal I/O is full-duplex.
+It has full read-ahead, which means that you can type at any time,
+even while a program is typing at you.
+Of course, if you type during output, the printed output will
+have the input characters interspersed.
+However, whatever you type will be saved up and interpreted in correct sequence.
+There is a limit to the amount of read-ahead,
+but it is generous and not likely to be exceeded unless
+the system is in trouble.
+When the read-ahead limit is exceeded, the system
+throws away all the saved characters (or beeps, if your prompt was a ``%'').
+.LP
+The ^U (control-U) character in typed input kills all the
+preceding characters in the line,
+so typing mistakes can be repaired on a single line.
+Also, the delete character (DEL) or sometimes the
+backspace character (control-H) erases the last character typed.
+.IR Tset (1)
+or
+.IR stty (1)
+can be used to change these defaults.
+Successive uses of delete (or backspace) erases characters back to, but
+not beyond, the beginning of the line.
+DEL and ^U (control-U) can be transmitted to a program by preceding them with
+^V (control-V).
+(So, to erase ^V (control-V), you need two deletes or backspaces).
+.LP
+An
+.I
+interrupt signal
+.R
+is sent to a program by typing ^C (control-C) or the ``break'' key
+which is not passed to programs.
+This signal generally causes whatever program you are running to terminate.
+It is typically used to stop a long printout that you do not want.
+However, programs can arrange either to ignore this signal altogether,
+or to be notified when it happens (instead of being terminated).
+The editor, for example, catches interrupts and stops what it is doing,
+instead of terminating, so that an interrupt can
+be used to halt an editor printout without losing the file being edited.
+The interrupt character can also be changed with
+.IR tset (1)
+or
+.IR stty (1).
+.LP
+It is also possible to suspend output temporarily using ^S (control-S)
+and later resume output with ^Q (control-Q).
+Output can be thrown away without interrupting
+the program by typing ^O (control-O); see
+.IR tty (4).
+.LP
+The
+.IR quit ""
+signal is generated by typing the \s8ASCII\s10 FS character.
+(FS appears many places on different terminals, most commonly
+as control-\e or control-\^|\^.)
+It not only causes a running program to terminate
+but also generates a file with the core image of the terminated process.
+Quit is useful for debugging.
+.LP
+Besides adapting to the speed of the terminal,
+\s-1UNIX\s+1 tries to be intelligent about whether
+you have a terminal with the newline function
+or whether it must be simulated with carriage-return and line-feed.
+In the latter case, all input carriage returns
+are turned to newline characters (the standard line delimiter)
+and both a carriage return and a line feed are echoed to the terminal.
+If you get into the wrong mode, the
+.IR reset (1)
+command will rescue you.
+If the terminal does not appear to be echoing anything that you type,
+it may be stuck in ``no-echo'' or ``raw'' mode.
+Try typing ``(control-J)reset(control-J)'' to recover.
+.LP
+Tab characters are used freely in \s-1UNIX\s+1 source programs.
+If your terminal does not have the tab function,
+you can arrange to have them turned into spaces
+during output, and echoed as spaces during input.
+The system assumes that tabs are set every eight columns.
+Again, the
+.IR tset (1)
+or
+.IR stty (1)
+command can be used to change these defaults.
+.IR Tset (1)
+can be used to set the tab stops automatically when necessary.
+.LP
+.I
+How to run a program; the shells.\ \ 
+.R
+When you have successfully logged in, a program
+called a shell is listening to your terminal.
+The shell reads typed-in lines, splits them up
+into a command name and arguments, and executes the command.
+A command is simply an executable program.
+The shell looks in several system directories to find the command.
+You can also place commands in your own directory and
+have the shell find them there.
+There is nothing special about system-provided
+commands except that they are kept in a directory where the shell can find them.
+.LP
+The command name is always the first word on an input line;
+it and its arguments are separated from one another by spaces.
+.LP
+When a program terminates, the shell will ordinarily regain control and type 
+a prompt at you to show that it is ready for another command.
+.LP
+The shells have many other capabilities, that are described in detail in
+sections
+.IR sh (1)
+and
+.IR csh (1).
+If the shell prompts you with ``$'', then it is an instance of
+.IR sh (1),
+the original \s-1UNIX\s+1 shell.
+If it prompts with ``%'' then it is an instance of
+.IR csh (1),
+a shell written at Berkeley.
+The shells are different for all but the most simple terminal usage.
+Most users at Berkeley choose
+.IR csh (1)
+because of the
+.I history
+mechanism and the
+.I alias
+feature, that greatly enhance its power when used interactively.
+.I Csh
+also supports the job-control facilities;
+see
+.IR csh (1)
+or the Csh introduction in USD:4 for details.
+.LP
+You can change from one shell to the other by using the
+.I chpass (1)
+command, which takes effect at your next login.
+.LP
+.I
+The current directory.\ \ 
+.R
+\s-1UNIX\s+1 has a file system arranged as a hierarchy of directories.
+When the system administrator gave you a user name,
+they also created a directory for you (ordinarily
+with the same name as your user name).
+When you log in, any file name you type is by default in this directory.
+Since you are the owner of this directory, you have
+full permission to read, write, alter, or destroy its contents.
+Permissions to have your will with other directories
+and files will have been granted or denied to you by their owners.
+As a matter of observed fact, few \s-1UNIX\s+1
+users protect their files from perusal by other users.
+.LP
+To change the current directory (but not the set of permissions you
+were endowed with at login) use
+.IR cd (1).
+.LP
+.I
+Path names.\ \ 
+.R
+To refer to files not in the current directory, you must use a path name.
+Full path names begin with ``/\|'', the name of the root directory of the
+whole file system.
+After the slash comes the name of each directory containing the next
+sub-directory (followed by a ``/\|'') until finally the file name is reached.
+For example,
+.I
+/\^var/\^tmp/\^filex
+.R
+refers to the file
+.I
+filex
+.R
+in the directory
+.I
+tmp; tmp
+.R
+is itself a subdirectory of
+.I
+var; var
+.R
+springs directly from the root directory.
+.LP
+If your current directory has subdirectories,
+the path names of files therein begin with
+the name of the subdirectory with no prefixed ``/\|''.
+.LP
+A path name may be used anywhere a file name is required.
+.LP
+Important commands that modify the contents of files are
+.IR cp (1),
+.IR mv (1),
+and
+.IR rm (1),
+which respectively copy, move (i.e. rename) and remove files.
+To find out the status of files or directories, use 
+.IR ls (1).
+See
+.IR mkdir (1)
+for making directories and
+.IR rmdir (1)
+for destroying them.
+.LP
+For a fuller discussion of the file system, see
+``A Fast File System for \s-1UNIX\s+1'' (SMM:5)
+by McKusick, Joy, Leffler, and Fabry.
+It may also be useful to glance through PRM section 2,
+that discusses system calls, even if you do not intend
+to deal with the system at that level.
+.LP
+.I
+Writing a program.\ \ 
+.R
+To enter the text of a source program into a \s-1UNIX\s+1 file,
+use the standard display editor
+.IR vi (1)
+or its \s-1WYSIWYG\s+1 counterparts
+.IR jove (1)
+and
+.IR emacs (1).
+(The old standard editor
+.IR ed (1)
+is also available.)
+The principle language in \s-1UNIX\s+1 is provided by the C compiler
+.IR cc (1).
+User contributed software in the latest
+release of the system supports the programming languages perl and C++.
+After the program text has been entered through the editor
+and written to a file, you can give the file
+to the appropriate language processor as an argument.
+The output of the language processor
+will be left on a file in the current directory named ``a.out''.
+If the output is precious, use
+.IR mv (1)
+to move it to a less exposed name after successful compilation.
+.LP
+When you have finally gone through this entire process
+without provoking any diagnostics, the resulting program
+can be run by giving its name to the shell
+in response to the shell (``$'' or ``%'') prompt.
+.LP
+Your programs can receive arguments from the command line
+just as system programs do,
+see ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programming - Second Edition'' (PSD:4),
+or for a more terse description
+.IR execve (2).
+.LP
+.I
+Text processing.\ \ 
+.R
+Almost all text is entered through an editor such as
+.IR vi (1),
+.IR jove (1),
+or
+.IR emacs (1).
+The commands most often used to write text on a terminal are:
+.IR cat (1),
+.IR more (1),
+and
+.IR nroff (1).
+.LP
+The
+.IR cat (1)
+command simply dumps \s8ASCII\s10 text
+on the terminal, with no processing at all.
+.IR More (1)
+is useful for preventing the output of a command from
+scrolling off the top of your screen.
+It is also well suited to perusing files.
+.IR Nroff (1)
+is an elaborate text formatting program.
+Used naked, it requires careful forethought, but for
+ordinary documents it has been tamed; see
+.IR me (7)
+and
+.IR ms (7).
+.LP
+.IR Groff (1)
+converts documents to postscript for output to a
+Laserwriter or Phototypesetter.
+It is similar to 
+.IR nroff (1),
+and often works from exactly the same source text.
+It was used to produce this manual.
+.LP
+.IR Script (1)
+lets you keep a record of your session in a file,
+which can then be printed, mailed, etc.
+It provides the advantages of a hard-copy terminal
+even when using a display terminal.
+.LP
+.I
+Status inquiries.\ \ 
+.R
+Various commands exist to provide you with useful information.
+.IR w (1)
+prints a list of users currently logged in, and what they are doing.
+.IR date (1)
+prints the current time and date.
+.IR ls (1)
+will list the files in your directory or give
+summary information about particular files.
+.LP
+.I
+Surprises.\ \ 
+.R
+Certain commands provide inter-user communication.
+Even if you do not plan to use them, it would be
+well to learn something about them, because someone else may aim them at you.
+.LP
+To communicate with another user currently logged in,
+.IR write (1)
+or
+.IR talk (1)
+is used;
+.IR mail (1)
+will leave a message whose presence will be announced
+to another user when they next log in.
+The write-ups in the manual also suggest how to respond to
+the these commands if you are a target.
+.LP
+If you use
+.IR csh (1)
+the key ^Z (control-Z) will cause jobs to ``stop''.
+If this happens before you learn about it,
+you can simply continue by saying ``fg'' (for foreground) to bring
+the job back.
+.LP
+We hope that you will come to enjoy using the BSD system.
+Although it is very large and contains many commands,
+you can become very productive using only a small subset of them.
+As your needs expand to doing new tasks,
+you will almost always find that the system has the facilities
+that you need to accomplish them easily and quickly.
+.LP
+Most importantly, the source code to the BSD system
+is cheaply available to anyone that wants it.
+On many BSD systems, it can be found in the directory
+.IR /\|usr/\|src .
+You may simply want to find out how something works
+or fix some important bug without waiting months for
+your vendor to respond.
+It is also particularly useful if you
+want to grab another piece of code to bootstrap a new project.
+Provided that you retain the copyrights and acknowledgements
+at the top of each file, you are free to redistribute your
+work for fun or profit.
+Naturally, we hope that you will allow others to also redistribute
+your code, though you are not required to do so unless you
+use copyleft code (which is primarily found in the software
+contributed from the Free Software Foundation and is
+clearly identified).
+.LP
+Good luck and enjoy BSD.
+.OH '''\s10- % -\s0'
+.EH '\s10- % -\s0'''
+.if o .bp
+\&
+.bp
+.EF '\s9\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0'
+.OF '\s9\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0'
+.ce
+\s+4\fBLIST \|OF \|MANUAL \|PAGES\fP\s-4
+.nr x 0.5
+.in +\nxi
+.nf
+.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR
+.de xx
+\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2
+..
+.de t
+.sp 1v
+.ne .5i
+.cs 3
+.ti -\\nxi
+.ss 18
+\f3\s9\\$2. \\$3\s0\fP
+.ss 12
+.if t .sp .5v
+.cs 3 36
+.ds Ed Section \\$2
+.ds Dt \\$3
+.so \\$1
+..
+.t toc1 1 "Commands and Application Programs"
+.t toc2 2 "System Calls"
+.t toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines"
+.t toc4 4 "Special Files"
+.t toc5 5 "File Formats"
+.t toc6 6 "Games"
+.t toc7 7 "Miscellaneous"
+.t toc8 8 "System Maintenance"
+.in -\nxi
+.cs 3
+.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
+.if o .bp
+\&
+.bp
+\&
+.OH '\s9\fIPermuted Index\fP''- % -\s0'
+.EH '\s9- % -''\fIPermuted Index\fP\s0'
+.ds Ed 4.4BSD
+.ds Dt June \|1993
+.ce
+\s+4\fBPERMUTED \|INDEX\fP\s-4
+.sp 1
+.nr PS 8
+.nr VS 9
+.LP
+.\"	backup from slotput 1, slot, 2
+.tr ~
+.nf
+.cs 3 36
+.de xx
+.ds s1\"
+.if \w\\$2 .ds s1 ~~\"
+.ds s2 ~~~\"
+.ds s3\"
+.if \w\\$4 .ds s3 ~~\"
+.ds s4 ~~\"
+.ds s5 ~~\"
+.ds y \\*(s4\f3
\fP\\*(s5
+.ta 6i-\w\\*(s5u
+\h"3i-\w\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2u"\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2\\$3\\*(s3\\$4\\*y\\$5
+..
+.so ptxx
+.cs 3
+.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
diff --git a/share/man/man0/tocrc b/share/man/man0/tocrc
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..182e004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/share/man/man0/tocrc
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#!/bin/sh -
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1993
+#	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+# are met:
+# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+#    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+# 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+#    must display the following acknowledgement:
+#	This product includes software developed by the University of
+#	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+# 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+#    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+#    without specific prior written permission.
+#
+# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+# ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+# SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+#       @(#)tocrc	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/29/93
+#
+tmp=/tmp/toc$$
+trap "rm $tmp ; exit" 2 3 15
+:   tocx files for all sections and everything else
+
+if [ ! -f tocx8 ]; then
+	for x in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do
+		/usr/libexec/getNAME -t `cat man$x` |
+			sed \
+				-e 's/.s-2//g' \
+				-e 's/.s-1//g' \
+				-e 's/.s0//g' \
+				-e 's/.s+1//g' \
+				-e 's/  *.-  */: /' \
+				-e 's/ *$/./' \
+				-e 's/.TH.*	//' \
+			> tocx$x
+	done
+fi
+:   permuted index and toc files
+
+cat tocx* cshcmd > /tmp/cattoc
+
+ptx -r -t -b break -f -w 108 -i ignore /tmp/cattoc ptxx
+
+for x in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do
+	grep '^intro' <tocx$x >$tmp
+	sed \
+		-e '2,${' \
+		-e '/^intro/d' \
+		-e '}' \
+		-e 's/ .*://' \
+		-e 's/.$//' \
+		-e 's/([^)]*) /" "/' \
+		-e 's/.*/.xx "&"/' \
+		-e '/""/d' \
+		$tmp tocx$x \
+	>toc$x
+done
+exit