diff options
author | rgrimes <rgrimes@FreeBSD.org> | 1994-05-30 19:09:18 +0000 |
---|---|---|
committer | rgrimes <rgrimes@FreeBSD.org> | 1994-05-30 19:09:18 +0000 |
commit | b0d61785cae024b1f44119446a940ee14c9ac959 (patch) | |
tree | 5a495a583b002ae9e57f09848ae697160708c220 /share/man/man0 | |
parent | d43599f73ba5858e573c7ad8b284f6a0808c5c93 (diff) | |
download | FreeBSD-src-b0d61785cae024b1f44119446a940ee14c9ac959.zip FreeBSD-src-b0d61785cae024b1f44119446a940ee14c9ac959.tar.gz |
BSD 4.4 Lite Share Sources
Diffstat (limited to 'share/man/man0')
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/Makefile | 69 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/break | 5 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/cover | 63 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/cshcmd | 54 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/groff.sed | 22 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/ignore | 99 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man1 | 284 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man2 | 107 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man3 | 257 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man4 | 51 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man5 | 54 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man6 | 42 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man7 | 18 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/man8 | 145 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/title.prm | 204 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | share/man/man0/title.urm | 1927 | ||||
-rwxr-xr-x | share/man/man0/tocrc | 74 |
17 files changed, 3475 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/share/man/man0/Makefile b/share/man/man0/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2a12b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +# +# Copyright (c) 1986, 1993 Regents of the University of California. +# All rights reserved. +# +# @(#)Makefile 8.2 (Berkeley) 1/29/94 +# +SRCS= man1 man2 man3 man4 man5 man6 man7 man8 + +MACROS= -ms +PRINTER=Pps +TBL= tbl +TROFF= groff + +all: title.urm.${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER} + +print: title.urm.${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER} + lpr -${PRINTER} title.urm.${PRINTER} + lpr -${PRINTER} title.prm.${PRINTER} + +title.urm.${PRINTER}: title.urm ptxx + ${TBL} title.urm | ${TROFF} ${MACROS} >title.urm.${PRINTER} + +title.prm.${PRINTER}: ${SRCS} title.prm ptxx + ${TROFF} title.prm >title.prm.${PRINTER} + +ptxx: + ./tocrc + +man1pages: man1 + rm -f man1.out + for i in `cat man1`; do \ + sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man1pages; \ + done; + +man2pages: man2 + rm -f man2.out + for i in `cat man2`; do groff -man $$i >>man2pages; done; + +man3pages: man3 + rm -f man3.out + for i in `cat man3`; do groff -man $$i >>man3pages; done; + +man4pages: man4 + rm -f man4.out + for i in `cat man4`; do groff -man $$i >>man4pages; done; + +man5pages: man5 + rm -f man5.out + for i in `cat man5`; do \ + sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man5pages; \ + done; + +man6pages: man6 + rm -f man6.out + for i in `cat man6`; do groff -man $$i >>man6pages; done; + +man7pages: man7 + rm -f man7.out + for i in `cat man7`; do \ + sed -f groff.sed $$i | groff -man >>man7pages; \ + done; + +man8pages: man8 + rm -f man8.out + for i in `cat man8`; do groff -man $$i >>man8pages; done; + +clean: + rm -f title.urm.[PT]* title.prm.[PT]* toc? tocx? ptxx \ + *.spell errs Errs make.out diff --git a/share/man/man0/break b/share/man/man0/break new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6db0726 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/break @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ + +; +: +. +, diff --git a/share/man/man0/cover b/share/man/man0/cover new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1fad428 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/cover @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Regents of the University of California. +.\" All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)cover 8.1 (Berkeley) 7/20/93 +.\" +.ps 36 +.vs 40p +.de t +\& +.sp |3.5i +.ce 10 +\fBSection \\$1 +.sp 0.5 +\\$2 +\\$3 +\\$4 +\\$5\fP +.ce 0 +.bp +.. +.t 1 Commands and Application Programs +.t 2 System Calls +.t 3 C-Library Subroutines +.t 4 Special Files +.t 5 File Formats +.t 6 Games +.t 7 Miscellaneous +.t 8 System Maintenance +\& +.sp |3.5i +.ce 10 +\fBSystem +Management +Documents\fP +.ce 1 diff --git a/share/man/man0/cshcmd b/share/man/man0/cshcmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8c9ba3a --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/cshcmd @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +csh(1) alias: shell macros. +csh(1) bg: place job in background. +csh(1) break: exit while/foreach loop. +csh(1) breaksw: exit from switch. +csh(1) case: selector in switch. +csh(1) cd: change directory. +csh(1) chdir: change directory. +csh(1) continue: cycle in loop. +csh(1) default: catchall clause in switch. +csh(1) echo: echo arguments. +csh(1) else: alternative commands. +csh(1) end: terminate loop. +csh(1) endif: terminate conditional. +csh(1) endsw: terminate switch. +csh(1) eval: re-evaluate shell data. +csh(1) exec: overlay shell with specified command. +csh(1) exit: leave shell. +csh(1) fg: bring job into foreground. +csh(1) foreach: loop over list of names. +csh(1) glob: filename expand argument list. +csh(1) goto: command transfer. +csh(1) hashstat: print command hashing statistics. +csh(1) history: print history event list. +csh(1) if: conditional statement. +csh(1) jobs: print current job list. +csh(1) kill: kill jobs and processes. +csh(1) limit: alter per-process resource limitations. +csh(1) login: login new user. +csh(1) logout: end session. +csh(1) nice: run low priority process. +csh(1) nohup: run command immune to hangups. +csh(1) notify: request immediate notification. +csh(1) onintr: process interrupts in command scripts. +csh(1) popd: pop shell directory stack. +csh(1) pushd: push shell directory stack. +csh(1) rehash: recompute command hash table. +csh(1) repeat: execute command repeatedly. +csh(1) set: change value of shell variable. +csh(1) setenv: set variable in environment. +csh(1) shift: manipulate argument list. +csh(1) source: read commands from file. +csh(1) stop: halt a job or process. +csh(1) suspend: suspend a shell, resuming its superior. +csh(1) switch: multi-way command branch. +csh(1) time: time command. +csh(1) umask: change or display file creation mask. +csh(1) unalias: remove aliases. +csh(1) unhash: discard command hash table. +csh(1) unlimit: remove resource limitiations. +csh(1) unsetenv: remove environment variables. +csh(1) unset: discard shell variables. +csh(1) wait: wait for background processes to complete. +csh(1) while: repeat commands conditionally. +csh(1) @: arithmetic on shell variables. diff --git a/share/man/man0/groff.sed b/share/man/man0/groff.sed new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe8ea6e --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/groff.sed @@ -0,0 +1,22 @@ +s/@MDATE@/June 30, 1993/ +s/@VERSION@/1.08/ +s,@DEFAULT_INDEX@,/usr/share/dict/papers/Ind, +s,@DEFAULT_INDEX_NAME@,/usr/share/dict/papers/Ind, +s,@COMMON_WORDS_FILE@,/usr/share/dict/papers/words, +s,@INDEX_SUFFIX@,.i, +s,@DEVICE@,/usr/share/groff_font, +s,@FONTDIR@,/usr/share/groff_font, +s,@FONTPATH@,/usr/share/groff_font, +s,@MACRODIR@,/usr/share/tmac, +s,@TMAC_M@,/usr/share/tmac/tmac.m, +s,@TMAC_MDIR@,/usr/share/tmac, +s/@g@// +s/@G@// +s/@MAN1EXT@/1/ +s/@MAN2EXT@/2/ +s/@MAN3EXT@/3/ +s/@MAN4EXT@/4/ +s/@MAN5EXT@/5/ +s/@MAN6EXT@/6/ +s/@MAN7EXT@/7/ +s/@MAN8EXT@/8/ diff --git a/share/man/man0/ignore b/share/man/man0/ignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1498edc --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/ignore @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +- +\- +10 +11 +16 +144 +2 +201 +3 +4014 +6 +7 +77 +a +about +across +after +al +al +all +allow +am +among +an +and +and/or +any +another +are +B +back +be +been +between +bits +by +dialect +do +et +extreme +facts +feeds +fitting +for +from +general +get +has +head +in +integer +integers +interval +into +intro +is +it +its +knowledge +large +last +later +local +long +low +map +o +of +off +on +or +other +out +package +part +periodically +pieces +prejudice +problem +service +simple +special +system +tac +that +the +them +they +this +to +toe +turn +two +until +way +with +yet +you +your diff --git a/share/man/man0/man1 b/share/man/man0/man1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f826fb1 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/man1 @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +/usr/src/share/man/man1/intro.1 +/usr/src/old/adb/common_source/adb.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/addftinfo/addftinfo.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/afmtodit/afmtodit.1 +/usr/src/contrib/ansi/ansitape.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/apply/apply.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/apropos/apropos.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/ar/ar.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/at/at/at.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/at/atq/atq.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/at/atrm/atrm.1 +/usr/src/contrib/gawk-2.15.2/awk.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/basename/basename.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/bc/bc.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 +/usr/src/contrib/bib/man/bib.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/biff/biff.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/cal/cal.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/calendar/calendar.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/cap_mkdb/cap_mkdb.1 +/usr/src/bin/cat/cat.1 +/usr/src/contrib/gcc-2.3.3/cc.1 +/usr/src/share/man/man1/cd.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/checknr/checknr.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/chflags/chflags.1 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/chown/chgrp.1 +/usr/src/lib/librpc/secure_rpc/man/chkey.1 +/usr/src/bin/chmod/chmod.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/chpass/chpass.1 +/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/ci.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/cksum/cksum.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/cmp/cmp.1 +/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/co.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/col/col.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/colcrt/colcrt.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/colrm/colrm.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/column/column.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/comm/comm.1 +/usr/src/old/compact/compact/compact.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/compress/compress.1 +/usr/src/bin/cp/cp.1 +/usr/src/contrib/gcc-2.3.3/cpp.1 +/usr/src/old/crypt/crypt.1 +/usr/src/bin/csh/csh.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/ctags/ctags.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/cut/cut.1 +/usr/src/bin/date/date.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/dc/dc.1 +/usr/src/bin/dd/dd.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/deroff/deroff.1 +/usr/src/bin/df/df.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/diction/diction/diction.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/diff/diff/diff.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/diff/diff3/diff3.1 +/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/dig.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/du/du.1 +/usr/src/bin/sh/bltin/echo.1 +/usr/src/contrib/ed/ed.1 +/usr/src/contrib/emacs-18.57/etc/emacs.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/eqn/eqn.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/error/error.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/expand/expand.1 +/usr/src/bin/expr/expr.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/false/false.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/file/file.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/find/find.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/finger/finger.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/fmt/fmt.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/fold/fold.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/fpr/fpr.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/from/from.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/fsplit/fsplit.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/fstat/fstat.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/ftp/ftp.1 +/usr/src/contrib/gcc-2.3.3/g++.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/gcore/gcore.1 +/usr/src/contrib/gdb-4.7.LBL/gdb/gdb.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/gprof/gprof.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/graph/graph.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/grep/egrep/grep.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/grodvi/grodvi.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/groff/groff.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/grog/grog.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/grops/grops.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/grotty/grotty.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/id/groups.1 +/usr/src/contrib/gzip-1.2.4/gzexe.1 +/usr/src/contrib/gzip-1.2.4/gzip.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/head/head.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/hexdump/hexdump.1 +/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/host.1 +/usr/src/bin/hostname/hostname.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/id/id.1 +/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/ident.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/indent/indent.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/indxbib/indxbib.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/xinstall/install.1 +/usr/src/contrib/bib/man/invert.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/join/join.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/jot/jot.1 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdestroy.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/kdump/kdump.1 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kerberos.1 +/usr/src/lib/librpc/secure_rpc/man/keylogin.1 +/usr/src/bin/kill/kill.1 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kinit.1 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/klist.1 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/ksrvtgt.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/ktrace/ktrace.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/lam/lam.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/last/last.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/lastcomm/lastcomm.1 +/usr/src/old/ld/ld.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/learn/learn/learn.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/leave/leave.1 +/usr/src/contrib/flex-2.4.6/lex.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/lkbib/lkbib.1 +/usr/src/bin/ln/ln.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/locate/locate/locate.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/lock/lock.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/logger/logger.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/login/login.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/logname/logname.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/look/look.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/lookbib/lookbib.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/lorder/lorder.1 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpq/lpq.1 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpr/lpr.1 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lprm/lprm.1 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lptest/lptest.1 +/usr/src/bin/ls/ls.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/m4/m4.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/mail/mail.1 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/mailq.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/make/make.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/man/man.1 +/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/merge.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/mesg/mesg.1 +/usr/src/contrib/mh-6.8.3a/doc/mh.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/mkdep/mkdep.1 +/usr/src/bin/mkdir/mkdir.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/mkfifo/mkfifo.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/mklocale/mklocale.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/mkstr/mkstr.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/more/more.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/tn3270/mset/mset.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/msgs/msgs.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/mt/mt.1 +/usr/src/bin/mv/mv.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/netstat/netstat.1 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/newaliases.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/nfsstat/nfsstat.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/nice/nice.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/nm/nm.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/nohup/nohup.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/nroff/nroff.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/hexdump/od.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/pagesize/pagesize.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/passwd/passwd.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/paste/paste.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/patch/patch.1 +/usr/src/bin/pax/pax.1 +/usr/src/contrib/perl-4.036/perl.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/pfbtops/pfbtops.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/pic/pic.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/plot/plot.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/pr/pr.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/printenv/printenv.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/printf/printf.1 +/usr/src/bin/ps/ps.1 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/psbb/psbb.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/ptx/ptx.1 +/usr/src/bin/pwd/pwd.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/quota/quota.1 +/usr/src/usr.bin/ranlib/ranlib.1 +/usr/src/bin/rcp/rcp.1 +/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/rcs.1 +/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/rcsclean.1 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+/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/timezone.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/stdio/tmpnam.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/locale/toascii.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/locale/tolower.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/locale/toupper.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/ttyname.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/tzset.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/ualarm.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/uname.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/stdio/ungetc.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/unvis.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/usleep.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/utime.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/valloc.3 +/usr/src/lib/libc/gen/vis.3 +/usr/src/lib/libcompat/4.1/vlimit.3 +/usr/src/lib/libcompat/4.1/vtimes.3 diff --git a/share/man/man0/man4 b/share/man/man0/man4 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4113309 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/man4 @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/intro.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/netintro.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/autoconf.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.sparc/bwtwo.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.sparc/cgsix.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.sparc/cgthree.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/clnp.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/cltp.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/cons.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/ct.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/dca.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/dcl.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/dcm.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/drum.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/dv.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/esis.4 +/usr/src/lib/libc/locale/euc.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/fd.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/gb.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/grf.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/hil.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/icmp.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/idp.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/inet.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/ip.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/iso.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/ite.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/le.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.sparc/le.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/lo.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/mem.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.sparc/mem.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/ns.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/nsip.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/null.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.sparc/openprom.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/ppi.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/pty.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/rb.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/rd.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/route.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/spp.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/st.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/man4.hp300/tc.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/tcp.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/termios.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/tp.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/tty.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/udp.4 +/usr/src/share/man/man4/unix.4 +/usr/src/lib/libc/locale/utf2.4 diff --git a/share/man/man0/man5 b/share/man/man0/man5 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..731023c --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/man5 @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +/usr/src/share/man/man5/a.out.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/acct.5 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/aliases.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/ar/ar.5.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/core.5 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/cron/crontab.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/dir.5 +/usr/src/sbin/disklabel/disklabel.5.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/disktab.5 +/usr/src/games/dm/dm.conf.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/dump.5 +/usr/src/sbin/mountd/exports.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/fs.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/fstab.5 +/usr/src/libexec/getty/gettytab.5 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/man/groff_font.5 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/man/groff_out.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/group.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/hosts.5 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/krb.conf.5 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/krb.realms.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L-devices.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L-dialcodes.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L.aliases.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L.cmds.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/L.sys.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/man/man.conf.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/tn3270/mset/map3270.5 +/usr/src/sbin/mountd/netgroup.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/networks.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/passwd.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/phones.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/plot.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/printcap.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/protocols.5 +/usr/src/lib/librpc/secure_rpc/man/publickey.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/ranlib/ranlib.5.5 +/usr/src/contrib/rcs-V5.6/man/rcsfile.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/remote.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/resolver.5 +/usr/src/lib/librpc/man/man5/rpc.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/services.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/shells.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/stab.5 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/syslogd/syslog.conf.5 +/usr/src/old/tar/tarformat.5 +/usr/src/share/termcap/termcap.5 +/usr/src/libexec/getty/ttys.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/types.5 +/usr/src/share/zoneinfo/tzfile.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/man5/USERFILE.5 +/usr/src/share/man/man5/utmp.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uuencode/uuencode.format.5 +/usr/src/usr.bin/vgrind/vgrindefs.5 diff --git a/share/man/man0/man6 b/share/man/man0/man6 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ef02cf --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/man6 @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +/usr/src/games/adventure/adventure.6 +/usr/src/games/arithmetic/arithmetic.6 +/usr/src/games/atc/atc.6 +/usr/src/games/backgammon/backgammon/backgammon.6 +/usr/src/usr.bin/banner/banner.6 +/usr/src/games/battlestar/battlestar.6 +/usr/src/games/bcd/bcd.6 +/usr/src/games/boggle/boggle/boggle.6 +/usr/src/games/caesar/caesar.6 +/usr/src/games/canfield/canfield/canfield.6 +/usr/src/games/chess/chess.6 +/usr/src/games/ching/ching.6 +/usr/src/games/cribbage/cribbage.6 +/usr/src/contrib/dungeon/dungeon.6 +/usr/src/games/factor/factor.6 +/usr/src/games/fish/fish.6 +/usr/src/games/fortune/fortune/fortune.6 +/usr/src/games/hack/hack.6 +/usr/src/games/hangman/hangman.6 +/usr/src/contrib/hunt/hunt.6 +/usr/src/contrib/hunt/huntd.6 +/usr/src/games/larn/larn.6 +/usr/src/games/mille/mille.6 +/usr/src/games/monop/monop.6 +/usr/src/games/number/number.6 +/usr/src/games/phantasia/phantasia.6 +/usr/src/games/pig/pig.6 +/usr/src/games/pom/pom.6 +/usr/src/games/quiz/quiz.6 +/usr/src/games/rain/rain.6 +/usr/src/games/random/random.6 +/usr/src/games/robots/robots.6 +/usr/src/games/rogue/rogue.6 +/usr/src/games/sail/sail.6 +/usr/src/games/snake/snake/snake.6 +/usr/src/games/tetris/tetris.6 +/usr/src/games/trek/trek.6 +/usr/src/games/worm/worm.6 +/usr/src/games/worms/worms.6 +/usr/src/games/wump/wump.6 +/usr/src/games/xneko/xneko.6 +/usr/src/games/xroach/xroach.6 diff --git a/share/man/man0/man7 b/share/man/man0/man7 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5683ebb --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/man7 @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +/usr/src/share/man/man7/intro.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/ascii.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/environ.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/eqnchar.7 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/man/groff_char.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/hier.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/hostname.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/mailaddr.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/man.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/mdoc.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/mdoc.samples.7 +/usr/src/share/me/me.7 +/usr/src/contrib/groff-1.08/mm/mm.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/ms.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/operator.7 +/usr/src/lib/libc/regex/re_format.7 +/usr/src/bin/ln/symlink.7 +/usr/src/share/man/man7/term.7 diff --git a/share/man/man0/man8 b/share/man/man0/man8 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b92703 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/man8 @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +/usr/src/share/man/man8/intro.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/ac/ac.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/acucntrl/acucntrl.8 +/usr/src/share/man/man8/adduser.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/amd/amd/amd.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/amd/amq/amq.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/arp/arp.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/bad144/bad144.8 +/usr/src/sbin/badsect/badsect.8 +/usr/src/sbin/reboot/boot_hp300.8 +/usr/src/sbin/reboot/boot_sparc.8 +/usr/src/libexec/bugfiler/bugfiler.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/chown/chown.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/chroot/chroot.8 +/usr/src/sbin/clri/clri.8 +/usr/src/libexec/comsat/comsat.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/config/config.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/config.new/config.new.8 +/usr/src/share/man/man8/man8.hp300/crash.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/cron/cron.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/dev_mkdb/dev_mkdb.8 +/usr/src/sbin/disklabel/disklabel.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/diskpart/diskpart.8 +/usr/src/games/dm/dm.8 +/usr/src/sbin/dmesg/dmesg.8 +/usr/src/sbin/dump/dump.8 +/usr/src/sbin/dumpfs/dumpfs.8 +/usr/src/sbin/dumplfs/dumplfs.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/edquota/edquota.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/eeprom/eeprom.8 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/ext_srvtab.8 +/usr/src/sbin/fastboot/fastboot.8 +/usr/src/libexec/fingerd/fingerd.8 +/usr/src/share/man/man8/man8.hp300/format.8 +/usr/src/sbin/fsck/fsck.8 +/usr/src/sbin/fsdb/fsdb.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/amd/fsinfo/fsinfo.8 +/usr/src/libexec/ftpd/ftpd.8 +/usr/src/libexec/getty/getty.8 +/usr/src/sbin/icheck/icheck.8 +/usr/src/sbin/ifconfig/ifconfig.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/inetd/inetd.8 +/usr/src/sbin/init/init.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/iostat/iostat.8 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdb_destroy.8 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdb_edit.8 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdb_init.8 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kdb_util.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/kgmon/kgmon.8 +/usr/src/libexec/kpasswdd/kpasswdd.8 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/man/kstash.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/kvm_mkdb/kvm_mkdb.8 +/usr/src/libexec/lfs_cleanerd/lfs_cleanerd.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpc/lpc.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/lpd/lpd.8 +/usr/src/libexec/mail.local/mail.local.8 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/make_keypair/make_keypair.8 +/usr/src/share/man/man8/makedev.8 +/usr/src/share/man/man8/man8.hp300/MAKEDEV.8 +/usr/src/libexec/makekey/makekey.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/makemap/makemap.8 +/usr/src/contrib/mh-6.8.3a/conf/mh-gen.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/amd/mk-amd-map/mk-amd-map.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mknod/mknod.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/mkproto/mkproto.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount/mount.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_cd9660/mount_cd9660.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_fdesc/mount_fdesc.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_kernfs/mount_kernfs.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_lfs/mount_lfs.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_nfs/mount_nfs.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_null/mount_null.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_portal/mount_portal.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_procfs/mount_procfs.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_umap/mount_umap.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mount_union/mount_union.8 +/usr/src/sbin/mountd/mountd.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/mtree/mtree.8 +/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/named.8 +/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/named-xfer.8 +/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/named.reload.8 +/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/named.restart.8 +/usr/src/sbin/ncheck/ncheck.8 +/usr/src/sbin/newfs/newfs.8 +/usr/src/sbin/newlfs/newlfs.8 +/usr/src/sbin/nfsd/nfsd.8 +/usr/src/sbin/nfsiod/nfsiod.8 +/usr/src/sbin/nologin/nologin.8 +/usr/src/contrib/bind-4.9.2/man/nslookup.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/lpr/pac/pac.8 +/usr/src/sbin/ping/ping.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/portmap/portmap.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/pstat/pstat.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/pwd_mkdb/pwd_mkdb.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/quot/quot.8 +/usr/src/sbin/quotacheck/quotacheck.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/quotaon/quotaon.8 +/usr/src/libexec/rbootd/rbootd.8 +/usr/src/share/man/man8/rc.8 +/usr/src/sbin/reboot/reboot.8 +/usr/src/kerberosIV/registerd/registerd.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/renice/renice.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/repquota/repquota.8 +/usr/src/sbin/restore/restore.8 +/usr/src/libexec/rexecd/rexecd.8 +/usr/src/libexec/rlogind/rlogind.8 +/usr/src/bin/rmail/rmail.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/rmt/rmt.8 +/usr/src/sbin/route/route.8 +/usr/src/sbin/routed/routed.8 +/usr/src/libexec/rshd/rshd.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/rwhod/rwhod.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/sa/sa.8 +/usr/src/sbin/savecore/savecore.8 +/usr/src/sbin/scsiformat/scsiformat.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail/src/sendmail.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/showmount/showmount.8 +/usr/src/sbin/shutdown/shutdown.8 +/usr/src/sbin/slattach/slattach.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/sliplogin/sliplogin.8 +/usr/src/share/man/man8/sticky.8 +/usr/src/sbin/swapon/swapon.8 +/usr/src/bin/sync/sync.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/sysctl/sysctl.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/syslogd/syslogd.8 +/usr/src/libexec/talkd/talkd.8 +/usr/src/libexec/telnetd/telnetd.8 +/usr/src/libexec/tftpd/tftpd.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/timed/timed/timed.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/timed/timedc/timedc.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/traceroute/traceroute.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/trpt/trpt.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/trsp/trsp.8 +/usr/src/sbin/tunefs/tunefs.8 +/usr/src/sbin/umount/umount.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/update/update.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uucico/uucico.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uuclean/uuclean.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uupoll/uupoll.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uusnap/uusnap.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/uuxqt/uuxqt.8 +/usr/src/usr.sbin/vipw/vipw.8 +/usr/src/usr.bin/vmstat/vmstat.8 +/usr/src/sbin/XNSrouted/XNSrouted.8 +/usr/src/share/zoneinfo/zic.8 diff --git a/share/man/man0/title.prm b/share/man/man0/title.prm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..20b1106 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/title.prm @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 Regents of the University of California. +.\" All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)title.prm 8.1 (Berkeley) 7/19/93 +.\" +.ps 18 +.vs 22 +.sp 2.75i +.ft B +.ce 2 +UNIX Programmer's Reference Manual +(PRM) +.ps 14 +.vs 16 +.sp |4i +.ce 2 +4.4 Berkeley Software Distribution +.sp |5.75i +.ft R +.pt 12 +.vs 16 +.ce +June, 1993 +.sp |8.2i +.ce 5 +Computer Systems Research Group +Computer Science Division +Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science +University of California +Berkeley, California 94720 +.bp +\& +.sp |1i +.hy 0 +.ps 10 +.vs 12p +Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993 +The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.sp 2 +Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below +as copyrighted by AT&T, +redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms, +with or without modification, are permitted provided that the +following conditions are met: +.sp 0.5 +.in +0.2i +.ta 0.2i +.ti -0.2i +1) Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright +notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.ti -0.2i +2) Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must +reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and +the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials +provided with the distribution. +.ti -0.2i +3) All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +must display the following acknowledgement: +``This product includes software developed by the University of +California, Berkeley and its contributors.'' +.ti -0.2i +4) Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +without specific prior written permission. +.in -0.2i +.sp +\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP +.sp 2 +The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American +National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have +given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. +.sp +In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions +of the system documentation. +.sp 0.5 +``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in +electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE +Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments +(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics +Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions +and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee +document.'' +.sp +In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions +of the system documentation. +.sp 0.5 +``This material is reproduced with permission from American National +Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and +Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW, +Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of +Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.'' +.sp 2 +Manual pages ptrace.2, ecvt.3, mp.3, plot.3, L-devices.5, L-dialcodes.5, +L.aliases.5, L.cmds.5, L.sys.5, USERFILE.5, dump.5, and plot.5 +are copyright 1979, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated. +Holders of \x'-1p'UNIX\v'-4p'\s-3TM\s0\v'4p'/32V, +System III, or System V software licenses are +permitted to copy these documents, or any portion of them, +as necessary for licensed use of the software, +provided this copyright notice and statement of permission +are included. +.sp 2 +The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the +authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, +either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California. +.br +.ll 6.5i +.lt 6.5i +.po .75i +.in 0i +.af % i +.ds ET\" +.de HD +.po 0 +.lt 7.4i +.tl '''' +.lt +.po +'sp 18p +.if o .tl '\\*(ET''\\*(OT' +.if e .tl '\\*(OT''\\*(ET' +'sp 18p +.ns +.. +.de FO +'sp 18p +.if e .tl '\s9\\*(Dt''\\*(Ed\s0' +.if o .tl '\s9\\*(Ed''\\*(Dt\s0' +'bp +.. +.wh 0 HD +.wh -60p FO +.bp +.ds ET \s9\f2Table \|of \|Contents\fP\s0 +.ds OT - % - +.ce +\f3TABLE \|OF \|CONTENTS\fP +.nr x .5i +.in +\nxu +.nf +.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR +.de xx +\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2 +.. +.de t +.sp 1v +.ne .5i +.cs 3 +.ti -.5i +.ss 18 +\f3\s9\\$2. \\$3\s0\fP +.ss 12 +.if t .sp .5v +.cs 3 36 +.ds Ed Section \\$2 +.ds Dt \\$3 +.so \\$1 +.. +.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc2 2 "System Calls" +.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines" +.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc4 4 "Special Files" +.t /usr/src/share/man/man0/toc5 5 "File Formats" +.in -.5i +.cs 3 +.if n .ta 8n 16n 24n 32n 40n 48n 56n 64n 72n 80n +.if t .ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i diff --git a/share/man/man0/title.urm b/share/man/man0/title.urm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..237ab2e --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/title.urm @@ -0,0 +1,1927 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 Regents of the University of California. +.\" All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)title.urm 8.7 (Berkeley) 4/20/94 +.\" +.af % i +.EH '''' +.OH '''' +.OF '''\s10- % -\s0' +.EF '\s10- % -\s0''' +\& +.sp |2.75i +.nr PS 24 +.nr VS 28 +.LP +.ft B +.ce 2 +UNIX User's Reference Manual +(URM) +.nr LL 5.5i +.nr PO 1.5i +.bp +\& +.sp |1.5i +.nr PS 11 +.nr VS 13 +.LP +The USENIX Association, +the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization, +is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and +institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems, +and, by extension, C++, X windows, and other programming tools. +It is dedicated to: +.IP \(bu +fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments, +.IP \(bu +sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX, +UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and +.IP \(bu +providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical +thought and airing of technical issues. +.LP +USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP), +Conference and Workshop Proceedings, and a Book Series. +.nr LL 6i +.nr PO 1i +.bp +\& +.sp |2.75i +.nr PS 18 +.nr VS 22 +.LP +.ft B +.ce 2 +UNIX User's Reference Manual +(URM) +.sp |4i +.ce 2 +4.4 Berkeley Software Distribution +(June, 1993) +.sp 3 +.nr PS 15 +.nr VS 18 +.LP +.ce 2 +Computer Systems Research Group +University of California, Berkeley +.sp |8.2i +.nr PS 12 +.nr VS 15 +.LP +.ce 4 +A USENIX Association Book +The MIT Press +Cambridge, Massachusetts +London, England +.bp +.hy 0 +.nr PS 9 +.nr VS 11 +.LP +First Printing, 1993 +.sp 1 +.LP +Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993 +The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.sp 1 +.LP +Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below +as copyrighted by AT&T, +redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms, +with or without modification, are permitted provided that the +following conditions are met: +.IP 1) +Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright +notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.IP 2) +Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must +reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and +the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials +provided with the distribution. +.IP 3) +All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +must display the following acknowledgement: +``This product includes software developed by the University of +California, Berkeley and its contributors.'' +.IP 4) +Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +without specific prior written permission. +.LP +\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP +.sp 1 +.LP +The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American +National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have +given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. +.sp 0.5 +.LP +In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions +of the system documentation. +.LP +``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in +electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE +Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments +(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics +Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions +and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee +document.'' +.sp 0.5 +.LP +In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions +of the system documentation. +.LP +``This material is reproduced with permission from American National +Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and +Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW, +Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of +Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.'' +.sp 1 +.LP +Manual pages adb.1, bc.1, compact.1, crypt.1, dc.1, deroff.1, ed.1, +expr.1, graph.1, ld.1, learn.1, m4.1, plot.1, ptx.1, spell.1, +spline.1, struct.1, tar.1, units.1, uucp.1, uux.1, ching.6, eqnchar.7, +man.7, ms.7, and term.7 +are copyright 1979, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated. +Holders of \x'-1p'UNIX\v'-4p'\s-3TM\s0\v'4p'/32V, +System III, or System V software licenses are +permitted to copy these documents, or any portion of them, +as necessary for licensed use of the software, +provided this copyright notice and statement of permission +are included. +.sp 1 +.LP +The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the +authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, +either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California. +.sp 1 +.LP +This book was printed and bound in the United States of America. +.br +Distributed by The MIT Press. +.bp +\& +.sp |1.5i +.nr PS 11 +.nr VS 13 +.LP +.ce 1 +\s+4\fBContents\fP\s-4 +.sp 3 +.TS +expand; +l r. +The Computer Systems Research Group, 1979\-1993 vii +Prefaces xi +Introduction xvii +List of Manual Pages xxiii +Permuted Index xli +Reference Manual Sections 1, 6, 7 tabbed pages +List of Documents inside back cover +.TE +.if o .bp +\& +.bp +.\" +.\" The contributor list below is derived from the file that resides in +.\" vangogh:~admin/contrib/contrib: +.\" +.\" @(#)contrib 5.54 (Berkeley) 4/17/94 +.\" +.\" This file should not be editted, rather the original contrib file +.\" should be used to recrete this one following the directions at its top. +.\" Contrib starts here and continues to the comment `END OF CONTRIB'. +.\" +\& +.sp |1i +.ps 16 +.ce +\fBThe Computer Systems Research Group 1979 \- 1993\fP +.sp 3 +.nr PS 11 +.nr VS 12 +.LP +.nf +.in +0.5i +\fBCSRG Technical Staff\fP +.sp 1 +.in +1i +Jim Bloom +Keith Bostic +Ralph Campbell +Kevin Dunlap +William N. Joy +Michael J. Karels +Samuel J. Leffler +Marshall Kirk McKusick +Miriam Amos Nihart +Keith Sklower +Marc Teitelbaum +Michael Toy +.in -1i +.sp 3 +\fBCSRG Administration and Support\fP +.sp 1 +.in +1i +Robert Fabry +Domenico Ferrari +Susan L. Graham +Bob Henry +Anne Hughes +Bob Kridle +David Mosher +Pauline Schwartz +Mark Seiden +Jean Wood +.in -1i +.fi +.sp 3 +\fBOrganizations that funded the CSRG with grants, +gifts, personnel, and/or hardware.\fP +.sp 1 +.nf +.in +1i +Center for Advanced Aviation System Development, The MITRE Corp. +Compaq Computer Corporation +Cray Research Inc. +Department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) +Digital Equipment Corporation +The Hewlett-Packard Company +NASA Ames Research Center +The National Science Foundation +The Open Software Foundation +UUNET Technologies Inc. +.in -1.5i +.fi +.bp +.nr PS 10 +.nr VS 11 +.LP +\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a +large subsystem for the BSD releases.\fP +.sp +.TS +l l. +ANSI C library Chris Torek +ANSI C prototypes Donn Seeley and John Kohl +Autoconfiguration Robert Elz +C library documentation American National Standards Committee X3 +CCI 6/32 support Computer Consoles Inc. +DEC 3000/5000 support Ralph Campbell +Disklabels Symmetric Computer Systems +Documentation Cynthia Livingston and The USENIX Association +Franz Lisp Richard Fateman, John Foderaro, Keith Sklower, Kevin Layer +GCC, GDB The Free Software Foundation +Groff James Clark (The FSF) +HP300 support Jeff Forys, Mike Hibler, Jay Lepreau, Donn Seeley and the Systems + Programming Group; University of Utah Computer Science Department +ISODE Marshall Rose +Ingres Mike Stonebraker, Gene Wong, and the Berkeley Ingres Research Group +Intel 386/486 support Bill Jolitz and TeleMuse +Job control Jim Kulp +Kerberos Project Athena and MIT +Kernel support Bill Shannon and Sun Microsystems Inc. +LFS Margo Seltzer, Mendel Rosenblum, Carl Staelin +MIPS support Trent Hein +Math library K.C. Ng, Zhishun Alex Liu, S. McDonald, P. Tang and W. Kahan +NFS Rick Macklem +NFS automounter Jan-Simon Pendry +Network device drivers Micom-Interlan and Excelan +Omron Luna support Akito Fujita and Shigeto Mochida +Quotas Robert Elz +RPC support Sun Microsystems Inc. +Shared library support Rob Gingell and Sun Microsystems Inc. +Sony News 3400 support Kazumasa Utashiro +Sparc I/II support Computer Systems Engineering Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory +Stackable file systems John Heidemann +Stdio Chris Torek +System documentation The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. +TCP/IP Rob Gurwitz and Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc. +Timezone support Arthur David Olson +Transport/Network OSI layers IBM Corporation and the University of Wisconsin +Kernel XNS assistance William Nesheim, J. Q. Johnson, Chris Torek, and James O'Toole +User level XNS Cornell University +VAX 3000 support Mt. Xinu and Tom Ferrin +VAX BI support Chris Torek +VAX device support Digital Equipment Corporation and Helge Skrivervik +Versatec printer/plotter support University of Toronto +Virtual memory implementation Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young, + and the Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project +X25 University of British Columbia +.TE +.bp +.LP +\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a specific +item, program, library routine or program maintenance for the BSD system. +(Their contribution may not be part of the final 4.4BSD release.)\fP +.sp 0.4 +.nr PS 9 +.nr VS 10 +.ps 9 +.vs 10 +.TS +l l. +386 device drivers Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project +386 device drivers Don Ahn, Sean Fagan and Tim Tucker +HCX device drivers Harris Corporation +Kernel enhancements Robert Elz, Peter Ivanov, Ian Johnstone, Piers Lauder, + John Lions, Tim Long, Chris Maltby, Greg Rose and John Wainwright +ISO-9660 filesystem Pace Willisson, Atsushi Murai +.TE +.TS +l l l l. +adventure(6) Don Woods log(3) Peter McIlroy +adventure(6) Jim Gillogly look(1) David Hitz +adventure(6) Will Crowther ls(1) Elan Amir +apply(1) Rob Pike ls(1) Michael Fischbein +ar(1) Hugh A. Smith lsearch(3) Roger L. Snyder +arithmetic(6) Eamonn McManus m4(1) Ozan Yigit +arp(8) Sun Microsystems Inc. mail(1) Kurt Schoens +at(1) Steve Wall make(1) Adam de Boor +atc(6) Ed James me(7) Eric Allman +awk(1) Arnold Robbins mergesort(3) Peter McIlroy +awk(1) David Trueman mh(1) Marshall Rose +backgammon(6) Alan Char mh(1) The Rand Corporation +banner(1) Mark Horton mille(6) Ken Arnold +battlestar(6) David Riggle mknod(8) Kevin Fall +bcd(6) Steve Hayman monop(6) Ken Arnold +bdes(1) Matt Bishop more(1) Eric Shienbrood +berknet(1) Eric Schmidt more(1) Mark Nudleman +bib(1) Dain Samples mountd(8) Herb Hasler +bib(1) Gary M. Levin mprof(1) Ben Zorn +bib(1) Timothy A. Budd msgs(1) David Wasley +bitstring(3) Paul Vixie multicast Stephen Deering +boggle(6) Barry Brachman mv(1) Ken Smith +bpf(4) Steven McCanne named/bind(8) Douglas Terry +btree(3) Mike Olson named/bind(8) Kevin Dunlap +byte-range locking Scooter Morris news(1) Rick Adams (and a cast of thousands) +caesar(6) John Eldridge nm(1) Hans Huebner +caesar(6) Stan King pascal(1) Kirk McKusick +cal(1) Kim Letkeman pascal(1) Peter Kessler +cat(1) Kevin Fall paste(1) Adam S. Moskowitz +chess(6) Stuart Cracraft (The FSF) patch(1) Larry Wall +ching(6) Guy Harris pax(1) Keith Muller +cksum(1) James W. Williams phantasia(6) C. Robertson +clri(8) Rich $alz phantasia(6) Edward A. Estes +col(1) Michael Rendell ping(8) Mike Muuss +comm(1) Case Larsen pom(6) Keith E. Brandt +compact(1) Colin L. McMaster pr(1) Keith Muller +compress(1) James A. Woods primes(6) Landon Curt Noll +compress(1) Joseph Orost qsort(3) Doug McIlroy +compress(1) Spencer Thomas qsort(3) Earl Cohen +courier(1) Eric Cooper qsort(3) Jon Bentley +cp(1) David Hitz quad(3) Chris Torek +cpio(1) AT&T quiz(6) Jim R. Oldroyd +crypt(3) Tom Truscott quiz(6) Keith Gabryelski +csh(1) Christos Zoulas radixsort(3) Dan Bernstein +csh(1) Len Shar radixsort(3) Peter McIlroy +curses(3) Elan Amir rain(6) Eric P. Scott +curses(3) Ken Arnold ranlib(1) Hugh A. Smith +cut(1) Adam S. Moskowitz rcs(1) Walter F. Tichy +cut(1) Marciano Pitargue rdist(1) Michael Cooper +dbx(1) Mark Linton regex(3) Henry Spencer +dd(1) Keith Muller robots(6) Ken Arnold +dd(1) Lance Visser rogue(6) Timothy C. Stoehr +des(1) Jim Gillogly rs(1) John Kunze +des(1) Phil Karn sail(6) David Riggle +des(1) Richard Outerbridge sail(6) Edward Wang +dipress(1) Xerox Corporation sccs(1) Eric Allman +disklabel(8) Symmetric Computer Systems scsiformat(1) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory +du(1) Chris Newcomb sdb(1) Howard Katseff +dungeon(6) R.M. Supnik sed(1) Diomidis Spinellis +ed(1) Rodney Ruddock sendmail(8) Eric Allman +emacs(1) Richard Stallman setmode(3) Dave Borman +erf(3) Peter McIlroy, K.C. Ng sh(1) Kenneth Almquist +error(1) Robert R. Henry slattach(8) Rick Adams +ex(1) Mark Horton slip(8) Rick Adams +factor(6) Landon Curt Noll spms(1) Peter J. Nicklin +file(1) Ian Darwin strtod(3) David M. Gay +find(1) Cimarron Taylor swab(3) Jeffrey Mogul +finger(1) Tony Nardo sysconf(3) Sean Eric Fagan +fish(6) Muffy Barkocy sysline(1) J.K. Foderaro +fmt(1) Kurt Schoens syslog(3) Eric Allman +fnmatch(3) Guido van Rossum systat(1) Bill Reeves +fold(1) Kevin Ruddy systat(1) Robert Elz +fortune(6) Ken Arnold tail(1) Edward Sze-Tyan Wang +fpr(1) Robert Corbett talk(1) Clem Cole +fsdb(8) Computer Consoles Inc. talk(1) Kipp Hickman +fsplit(1) Asa Romberger talk(1) Peter Moore +fsplit(1) Jerry Berkman telnet(1) Dave Borman +gcc/groff integration UUNET Technologies, Inc. telnet(1) Paul Borman +gcore(1) Eric Cooper termcap(5) John A. Kunze +getcap(3) Casey Leedom termcap(5) Mark Horton +glob(3) Guido van Rossum test(1) Kenneth Almquist +gprof(1) Peter Kessler tetris(6) Chris Torek +gprof(1) Robert R. Henry tetris(6) Darren F. Provine +hack(6) Andries Brouwer (and a cast of thousands) timed(8) Riccardo Gusella +hangman(6) Ken Arnold timed(8) Stefano Zatti +hash(3) Margo Seltzer tn3270(1) Gregory Minshall +heapsort(3) Elmer Yglesias tr(1) Igor Belchinskiy +heapsort(3) Kevin Lew traceroute(8) Van Jacobson +heapsort(3) Ronnie Kon trek(6) Eric Allman +hunt(6) Conrad Huang tset(1) Eric Allman +hunt(6) Greg Couch tsort(1) Michael Rendell +icon(1) Bill Mitchell unifdef(1) Dave Yost +icon(1) Ralph Griswold uniq(1) Case Larsen +indent(1) David Willcox uucpd(8) Rick Adams +indent(1) Eric Schmidt uudecode(1) Mark Horton +indent(1) James Gosling uuencode(1) Mark Horton +indent(1) Sun Microsystems uuq(1) Lou Salkind +init(1) Donn Seeley uuq(1) Rick Adams +j0(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. uusnap(8) Randy King +j1(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. uusnap(8) Rick Adams +jn(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. vacation(1) Eric Allman +join(1) David Goodenough vi(1) Steve Kirkendall +join(1) Michiro Hikida which(1) Peter Kessler +join(1) Steve Hayman who(1) Michael Fischbein +jot(1) John Kunze window(1) Edward Wang +jove(1) Jonathon Payne worm(6) Michael Toy +kermit(1) Columbia University worms(6) Eric P. Scott +kvm(3) Peter Shipley write(1) Craig Leres +kvm(3) Steven McCanne write(1) Jef Poskanzer +lam(1) John Kunze wump(6) Dave Taylor +larn(6) Noah Morgan X25/Ethernet Univ. of Erlangen-Nuremberg +lastcomm(1) Len Edmondson X25/LLC2 Dirk Husemann +lex(1) Vern Paxson xargs(1) John B. Roll Jr. +libm(3) Peter McIlroy xneko(6) Masayuki Koba +libm(3) UUNET Technologies, Inc. XNSrouted(1) Bill Nesheim +locate(1) James A. Woods xroach(6) J.T. Anderson +lock(1) Bob Toxen yacc(1) Robert Paul Corbett +.TE +.\" +.\" END OF CONTRIB: Contrib ends here. +.\" +.if o .bp +\& +.bp +.nr PS 10 +.nr VS 12 +\& +.sp |1.5i +.LP +.ce +\fB\s+4PREFACE\s-4\fP +.sp 3 +.NH 1 +Introduction +.PP +The major new facilities available in the 4.4BSD release are +a new virtual memory system, +the addition of ISO/OSI networking support, +a new virtual filesystem interface supporting filesystem stacking, +a freely redistributable implementation of NFS, +a log-structured filesystem, +enhancement of the local filesystems to support +files and filesystems that are up to 2^63 bytes in size, +enhanced security and system management support, +and the conversion to and addition of the IEEE Std1003.1 (``POSIX'') +facilities and many of the IEEE Std1003.2 facilities. +In addition, many new utilities and additions have been made to the C-library. +The kernel sources have been reorganized to collect all machine-dependent +files for each architecture under one directory, +and most of the machine-independent code is now free of code +conditional on specific machines. +The user structure and process structure have been reorganized +to eliminate the statically-mapped user structure and to make most +of the process resources shareable by multiple processes. +The system and include files have been converted to be compatible +with ANSI C, including function prototypes for most of the exported +functions. +There are numerous other changes throughout the system. +.NH 1 +Changes in the Kernel +.PP +This release includes several important structural kernel changes. +The kernel uses a new internal system call convention; +the use of global (``u-dot'') variables for parameters and error returns +has been eliminated, +and interrupted system calls no longer abort using non-local goto's (longjmp's). +A new sleep interface separates signal handling from scheduling priority, +returning characteristic errors to abort or restart the current system call. +This sleep call also passes a string describing the process state, +which is used by the ps(1) program. +The old sleep interface can be used only for non-interruptible sleeps. +.PP +Many data structures that were previously statically allocated +are now allocated dynamically. +These structures include mount entries, file entries, +user open file descriptors, the process entries, the vnode table, +the name cache, and the quota structures. +.PP +The 4.4BSD distribution adds support for several new architectures including +SPARC-based Sparcstations 1 and 2, +MIPS-based Decstation 3100 and 5000 and Sony NEWS, +68000-based Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 and Omron Luna, and +386-based Personal Computers. +Both the HP300 and SPARC ports feature the ability to run binaries +built for the native operating system (HP-UX or SunOS) by emulating +their system calls. +Though this native operating system compatibility was provided by the +developers as needed for their purposes and is by no means complete, +it is complete enough to run several non-trivial applications including +those that require HP-UX or SunOS shared libraries. +For example, the vendor supplied X11 server and windowing environment +can be used on both the HP300 and SPARC. +.NH 2 +Virtual memory changes +.PP +The new virtual memory implementation is derived from the MACH +operating system developed at Carnegie-Mellon, +and was ported to the BSD kernel at the University of Utah. +The MACH virtual memory system call interface has been replaced with the +``mmap''-based interface described in the ``Berkeley Software +Architecture Manual''. +The interface is similar to the interfaces shipped +by several commercial vendors such as Sun, USL, and Convex Computer Corp. +The integration of the new virtual memory is functionally complete, +but, like most MACH-based virtual memory systems, +still has serious performance problems under heavy memory load. +.NH 2 +Networking additions and changes +.PP +The ISO/OSI Networking consists of a kernel implementation of +transport class 4 (TP-4), +connectionless networking protocol (CLNP), +and 802.3-based link-level support (hardware-compatible with Ethernet*). +.FS +*Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation. +.FE +We also include support for ISO Connection-Oriented Network Service, +X.25, TP-0. +The session and presentation layers are provided outside +the kernel by the ISO development environment (ISODE). +Included in this development environment are file +transfer and management (FTAM), virtual terminals (VT), +a directory services implementation (X.500), and miscellaneous other utilities. +.PP +Several important enhancements have been added to the TCP/IP +protocols including TCP header prediction and +serial line IP (SLIP) with header compression. +The routing implementation has been completely rewritten +to use a hierarchical routing tree with a mask per route +to support the arbitrary levels of routing found in the ISO protocols. +The routing table also stores and caches route characteristics +to speed the adaptation of the throughput and congestion avoidance +algorithms. +.NH 2 +Additions and changes to filesystems +.PP +The 4.4BSD distribution contains most of the interfaces +specified in the IEEE Std1003.1 system interface standard. +Filesystem additions include IEEE Std1003.1 FIFOs, +byte-range file locking, and saved user and group identifiers. +.PP +A new virtual filesystem interface has been added to the +kernel to support multiple filesystems. +In comparison with other interfaces, +the Berkeley interface has been structured for more efficient support +of filesystems that maintain state (such as the local filesystem). +The interface has been extended with support for stackable +filesystems done at UCLA. +These extensions allow for filesystems to be layered on top of each +other and allow new vnode operations to be added without requiring +changes to existing filesystem implementations. +For example, the umap filesystem +is used to mount a sub-tree of an existing filesystem +that uses a different set of uids and gids than the local system. +Such a filesystem could be mounted from a remote site via NFS or it +could be a filesystem on removable media brought from some foreign +location that uses a different password file. +.PP +In addition to the local ``fast filesystem'', +we have added an implementation of the network filesystem (NFS) +that fully interoperates with the NFS shipped by Sun and its licensees. +Because our NFS implementation was implemented using only the +publicly available NFS specification, +it does not require a license from Sun to use in source or binary form. +By default it runs over UDP to be compatible with Sun's implementation. +However, it can be configured on a per-mount basis to run over TCP. +Using TCP allows it to be used quickly and efficiently through +gateways and over long-haul networks. +Using an extended protocol, it supports Leases to allow a limited +callback mechanism that greatly reduces the network traffic necessary +to maintain cache consistency between the server and its clients. +.PP +A new log-structured filesystem has been added that provides +near disk-speed output and fast crash recovery. +It is still experimental in the 4.4BSD release, +so we do not recommend it for production use. +We have also added a memory-based filesystem that runs in +pageable memory, allowing large temporary filesystems without +requiring dedicated physical memory. +.PP +The local ``fast filesystem'' has been enhanced to do +clustering which allows large pieces of files to be +allocated contiguously resulting in near doubling +of filesystem throughput. +The filesystem interface has been extended to allow +files and filesystems to grow to 2^63 bytes in size. +The quota system has been rewritten to support both +user and group quotas (simultaneously if desired). +Quota expiration is based on time rather than +the previous metric of number of logins over quota. +This change makes quotas more useful on fileservers +onto which users seldom login. +.PP +The system security has been greatly enhanced by the +addition of additional file flags that permit a file to be +marked as immutable or append only. +Once set, these flags can only be cleared by the super-user +when the system is running single user. +To protect against indiscriminate reading or writing of kernel +memory, all writing and most reading of kernel data structures +must be done using a new ``sysctl'' interface. +The information to be access is described through an extensible +``Management Information Base'' (MIB). +.NH 2 +POSIX terminal driver changes +.PP +The biggest area of change is a new terminal driver. +The terminal driver is similar to the System V terminal driver +with the addition of the necessary extensions to get the +functionality previously available in the 4.3BSD terminal driver. +4.4BSD also adds the IEEE Std1003.1 job control interface, +which is similar to the 4.3BSD job control interface, +but adds a security model that was missing in the +4.3BSD job control implementation. +A new system call, \fIsetsid\fP, +creates a job-control session consisting of a single process +group with one member, the caller, that becomes a session leader. +Only a session leader may acquire a controlling terminal. +This is done explicitly via a \s-1TIOCSCTTY\s+1 \fIioctl\fP call, +not implicitly by an \fIopen\fP call. +The call fails if the terminal is in use. +.PP +For backward compatibility, +both the old \fIioctl\fP +calls and old options to \fIstty\fP +are emulated. +.NH 1 +Changes to the utilities +.PP +There are several new tools and utilities included in this release. +A new version of ``make'' allows much-simplified makefiles for the +system software and allows compilation for multiple architectures +from the same source tree (which may be mounted read-only). +Notable additions to the libraries include functions to traverse a +filesystem hierarchy, database interfaces to btree and hashing functions, +a new, fast implementation of stdio and a radix sort function. +The additions to the utility suite include greatly enhanced versions of +programs that display system status information, implementations of +various traditional tools described in the IEEE Std1003.2 standard, +and many others. +.PP +We have been tracking the IEEE Std1003.2 shell and utility work +and have included prototypes of many of the proposed utilities. +Most of the traditional utilities have been replaced +with implementations conformant to the POSIX standards. +Almost the entire manual suite has been rewritten to +reflect the POSIX defined interfaces. +In rewriting this software, we have generally +been rewarded with significant performance improvements. +Most of the libraries and header files have been converted +to be compliant with ANSI C. +The system libraries and utilities all compile +with either ANSI or traditional C. +.PP +The Kerberos (version 4) authentication software has been +integrated into much of the system (including NFS) to provide +the first real network authentication on BSD. +.PP +A new implementation of the \fIex/vi\fP text editors is available +in this release. +It is intended as a bug-for-bug compatible version of the editors. +It also has a few new features: 8-bit clean data, lines and files +limited only by memory and disk space, split screens, tags stacks +and left-right scrolling among them. +\fINex/nvi\fP +is not yet production quality; future versions of this software may +be retrieved by anonymous ftp from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the +directory ucb/4bsd. +.PP +The \fIfind\fP +utility has two new options that are important to be aware of if you +intend to use NFS. +The ``fstype'' and ``prune'' options can be used together to prevent +find from crossing NFS mount points. +.NH 2 +Additions and changes to the libraries +.PP +The \fIcurses\fP +library has been largely rewritten. +Important additional features include support +for scrolling and \fItermios\fP. +.PP +An application front-end editing library, named libedit, has been +added to the system. +.PP +A superset implementation of the SunOS kernel memory interface library, +\fIlibkvm\fP, has been integrated into the system. +.PP +Nearly the entire C-library has been rewritten. +Some highlights of the changes to the 4.4BSD C-library: +.IP \(bu +The newly added \fIfts\fP +functions will do either physical or logical traversal of +a file hierarchy as well as handle essentially infinite depth +filesystems and filesystems with cycles. +All the utilities in 4.4BSD that traverse file hierarchies +have been converted to use \fIfts\fP. +The conversion has always resulted in a significant performance +gain, often of four or five to one in system time. +.IP \(bu +The newly added \fIdbopen\fP +functions are intended to be a family of database access methods. +Currently, they consist of \fIhash\fP, +an extensible, dynamic hashing scheme, +\fIbtree\fP, a sorted, balanced tree structure (B+tree's), and +\fIrecno\fP, a flat-file interface for fixed or variable length records +referenced by logical record number. +Each of the access methods stores associated key/data pairs and +uses the same record oriented interface for access. +Future versions of this software may be retrieved by anonymous ftp +from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the directory ucb/4bsd. +.IP \(bu +The \fIqsort\fP +function has been rewritten for additional performance. +In addition, three new types of sorting functions, +\fIheapsort\fP, \fImergesort\fP, and \fIradixsort\fP +have been added to the system. +The \fImergesort\fP +function is optimized for data with pre-existing order, +in which case it usually significantly outperforms \fIqsort\fP. +The \fIradixsort\fP +functions are variants of most-significant-byte radix sorting. +They take time linear to the number of bytes to be +sorted, usually significantly outperforming \fIqsort\fP +on data that can be sorted in this fashion. +An implementation of the POSIX 1003.2 standard \fIsort\fP +based on \fIradixsort\fP is included in 4.4BSD. +.IP \(bu +The floating point support in the C-library has been replaced +and is now accurate. +.IP \(bu +The C functions specified by both ANSI C, POSIX 1003.1 and +1003.2 are now part of the C-library. +This includes support for file name matching, shell globbing +and both basic and extended regular expressions. +.IP \(bu +ANSI C multibyte and wide character support has been integrated. +The rune functionality from the Bell Labs' Plan 9 system is provided +as well. +.IP \(bu +The \fItermcap\fP +functions have been generalized and replaced with a general +purpose interface named \fIgetcap\fP. +.IP \(bu +The \fIstdio\fP +routines have been replaced, and are usually much faster. +In addition, the \fIfunopen\fP +interface permits applications to provide their own I/O stream +function support. +.NH 1 +Acknowledgements +.PP +We were greatly assisted by the past employees of the Computer Systems +Research Group: Mike Karels, Keith Sklower, and Marc Tietelbaum. +Our distribution coordinator, Pauline Schwartz, has reliably managed +the finances and the mechanics of shipping distributions for +nearly the entire fourteen years of the group's existence. +Without the help of lawyers Mary MacDonald, Joel Linzner, +and Carla Shapiro, the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution would never +have seen the light of day. +Much help was provided by Chris Demetriou in getting bug fixes +from NetBSD integrated back into the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution. +.PP +The vast majority of the 4.4BSD distribution comes from the numerous +people in the UNIX community that provided their time and energy in +creating the software contained in this release. +We dedicate this distribution to them. +.sp 1 +.in 4i +.nf +M. K. McKusick +K. Bostic +.fi +.in 0 +.sp 3 +.nr PS 9 +.nr VS 10 +.LP +.ne 1i +.ce +\fIPreface to the 4.3 Berkeley distribution\fP +.sp 1 +.LP +This update to the 4.2 distribution of August 1983 provides +substantially improved performance, reliability, and security, +the addition of Xerox Network System (NS) to the set of networking domains, +and partial support for the VAX 8600 and MICROVAXII. +.LP +We were greatly assisted by the DEC UNIX Engineering group who +provided two full time employees, Miriam Amos and Kevin Dunlap, +to work at Berkeley. They were responsible for developing and +debugging the distributed domain based name server +and integrating it into the mail system. +Mt Xinu provided the bug list distribution service as well as +donating their MICROVAXII port to 4.3BSD. +Drivers for the MICROVAXII were done by Rick Macklem +at the University of Guelph. +Sam Leffler provided valuable assistance and advice with many projects. +Keith Sklower coordinated with William Nesheim and J. Q. Johnson at Cornell, +and Chris Torek and James O'Toole at the University of Maryland +to do the Xerox Network Systems implementation. +Robert Elz at the University of Melbourne contributed greatly +to the performance work in the kernel. +Donn Seeley and Jay Lepreau at the University of Utah +relentlessly dealt with a myriad of details; +Donn completed the unfinished performance work on Fortran 77 +and fixed numerous C compiler bugs. +Ralph Campbell handled innumerable questions and problem reports +and had time left to write rdist. +George Goble was invaluable in shaking out the bugs on his +production systems long before we were confident enough to +inflict it on our users. +Bill Shannon at Sun Microsystems has been helpful in +providing us with bug fixes and improvements. +Tom Ferrin, in his capacity as Board Member of Usenix Association, +handled the logistics of large-scale reproduction +of the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals. +Mark Seiden helped with the typesetting and indexing of the 4.3BSD manuals. +Special mention goes to Bob Henry for keeping ucbvax running +in spite of new and improved software and +an ever increasing mail, news, and uucp load. +.LP +Numerous others contributed their time and energy in creating +the user contributed software for the release. +As always, we are grateful to the UNIX user community for +encouragement and support. +.LP +Once again, the financial support of the Defense Advanced Research +Projects Agency is gratefully acknowledged. +.sp 1 +.in 4i +.nf +M. K. McKusick +M. J. Karels +J. M. Bloom +.fi +.in 0 +.sp 2 +.ne 2i +.ce +\fIPreface to the 4.2 Berkeley distribution\fP +.sp 1 +This update to the 4.1 distribution of June 1981 provides support +for the VAX 11/730, full networking and interprocess communication +support, an entirely new file system, and many other new features. +It is certainly the most ambitious release of software ever prepared +here and represents many man-years of work. +Bill Shannon (both at DEC and at Sun Microsystems) +and Robert Elz of the University +of Melbourne contributed greatly to this distribution +through new device drivers and painful debugging episodes. +Rob Gurwitz of BBN wrote the initial version of the code upon +which the current networking support is based. +Eric Allman of Britton-Lee donated countless hours to the mail system. +Bill Croft (both at SRI and Sun Microsystems) aided in the +debugging and development of the networking facilities. +Dennis Ritchie of Bell Laboratories also +contributed greatly to this distribution, providing +valuable advise and guidance. Helge Skrivervik +worked on the device drivers which enabled +the distribution to be delivered with a TU58 +console cassette and RX01 console flopppy disk, and +rewrote major portions of the standalone i/o system +to support formatting of non-DEC peripherals. +.LP +Numerous others contributed their time and energy in organizing +the user software for release, while many groups of people on +campus suffered patiently through the low spots of development. +As always, we are grateful to the UNIX user community for +encouragement and support. +.LP +Once again, the financial support of the Defense Advanced Research +Projects Agency is gratefully acknowledged. +.sp 1 +.in 4i +.nf +S. J. Leffler +W. N. Joy +M. K. McKusick +.fi +.in 0 +.sp 2 +.ne 1i +.ce +\fIPreface to the 4.1 Berkeley distribution\fP +.sp 1 +This update to the fourth distribution of November 1980 provides +support for the VAX 11/750 and for the full interconnect architecture +of the VAX 11/780. Robert Elz of the University of Melbourne contributed +greatly to this distribution especially in the boot-time system +configuration code; Bill Shannon of DEC supplied us with the +implementation of DEC standard bad block handling. The research +group at Bell Laboratories and DEC Merrimack provided us with access +to 11/750's in order to debug its support. +.LP +Other individuals too numerous to mention provided us with bug reports, +fixes and other enhancements which are reflected in the system. We +are grateful to the UNIX user community for encouragement and +support. +.LP +The financial support of the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency +in support of this work is gratefully acknowledged. +.sp 1 +.in 4i +.nf +W. N. Joy +R. S. Fabry +K. Sklower +.fi +.in 0 +.sp 2 +.ne 1i +.ce +\fIPreface to the Fourth Berkeley distribution\fP +.sp 1 +This manual reflects the Berkeley system mid-October, 1980. +A large amount of tuning has been done in the system since the last release; +we hope this provides as noticeable an improvement for you as it did for us. +This release finds the system in transition; a number of facilities +have been added in experimental versions (job control, resource limits) +and the implementation of others is imminent (shared-segments, higher +performance from the file system, etc.). +Applications which use facilities that are in transition should be aware +that some of the system calls and library routines will change +in the near future. We have tried to be conscientious and make it +very clear where this is likely. +.LP +A new group has been formed +at Berkeley, to assume responsibility for the future +development and support of a version of UNIX on the VAX. +The group has received funding from the +Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) +to supply a standard version of the system to DARPA contractors. +The same version of the system will be made available to other licensees +of UNIX on the VAX for a duplication charge. +We gratefully acknowledge +the support of this contract. +.LP +We wish to acknowledge the contribution of a number of individuals to +the the system. +.LP +We would especially like to thank +Jim Kulp of IIASA, +Laxenburg Austria and his colleagues, +who first put job control facilities into UNIX; +Eric Allman, Robert Henry, Peter Kessler and Kirk McKusick, who +contributed major new pieces of software; +Mark Horton, who contributed to the improvement of facilities and +substantially improved the quality of our bit-mapped fonts, +our hardware support staff: +Bob Kridle, +Anita Hirsch, +Len Edmondson +and +Fred Archibald, +who helped us to debug a number of new peripherals; +Ken Arnold who did much of the leg-work in getting this version of the +manual prepared, and did the final editing of sections 2-6, +some special individuals within Bell Laboratories: +Greg Chesson, +Stuart Feldman, +Dick Haight, +Howard Katseff, +Brian Kernighan, +Tom London, +John Reiser, +Dennis Ritchie, +Ken Thompson, +and +Peter Weinberger +who helped out by answering questions; +our excellent local DEC field service people, +Kevin Althaus and Frank Chargois +who kept our machine running virtually all the time, and fixed it quickly +when things broke; +and, +Mike Accetta of Carnegie-Mellon University, +Robert Elz of the University of Melbourne, +George Goble of Purdue University, +and +David Kashtan of the Stanford Research Institute +for their technical advice and support. +.LP +Special thanks to Bill Munson of DEC who helped by augmenting +our computing facility +and to Eric Allman for carefully proofreading the +``last'' draft of the manual and finding the bugs which we knew were +there but couldn't see. +.LP +We dedicate this to the memory of David Sakrison, late chairman of our +department, who gave his support to the establishment of our VAX +computing facility, and to our department as a whole. +.sp 1 +.in 4i +.nf +W. N. Joy +\v'-3p'\h'2p'\*:\v'3p'\h'-2p'O. Babao\*~glu +R. S. Fabry +K. Sklower +.fi +.in 0 +.sp 2 +.ne 1i +.ce +\fIPreface to the Third Berkeley distribution\fP +.sp 1 +This manual reflects the state of the Berkeley system, December 1979. +We would like to thank all the people at Berkeley who have contributed to +the system, and particularly thank +Prof. Richard Fateman for creating and administrating a hospitable environment, +Mark Horton who helped prepare this manual, and +Eric Allman, Bob Kridle, Juan Porcar +and Richard Tuck for their contributions to the kernel. +.LP +The cooperation of Bell Laboratories in providing us with an early version of +\s-2UNIX\s0/32V is greatly appreciated. We would especially like to thank +Dr. Charles Roberts of Bell Laboratories for helping us obtain this release, +and acknowledge +T. B. London, +J. F. Reiser, +K. Thompson, +D. M. Ritchie, +G. Chesson and +H. P. Katseff +for their advice and support. +.sp 1 +.in 4i +W. N. Joy +.br +\v'-3p'\h'2p'\*:\v'3p'\h'-2p'O. Babao\*~glu +.in 0 +.sp 2 +.ne 1i +.ce +\fIPreface to the UNIX/32V distribution\fP +.sp 1 +The +.UX +operating system for the VAX*-11 +.FS +*VAX and PDP are Trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. +.FE +provides substantially the same facilities as the +\s-2UNIX\s0 +system for the PDP*-11. +.LP +We acknowledge the work of many who came before us, and particularly thank +G. K. Swanson, W. M. Cardoza, D. K. Sharma, and J. F. Jarvis for assistance +with the implementation for the VAX-11/780. +.sp 1 +.in 4i +T. B. London +.br +J. F. Reiser +.in 0 +.sp 2 +.ne 1i +.ce +\fIPreface to the Seventh Edition\fP +.sp 1 +.LP +Although this Seventh Edition no longer bears their byline, +Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie remain the fathers +and preceptors of the +\s-2UNIX\s0 +time-sharing system. +Many of the improvements here described bear their mark. +Among many, many other people who have contributed to +the further flowering of +\s-2UNIX\s0, +we wish especially to +acknowledge the contributions of +A. V. Aho, +S. R. Bourne, +L. L. Cherry, +G. L. Chesson, +S. I. Feldman, +C. B. Haley, +R. C. Haight, +S. C. Johnson, +M. E. Lesk, +T. L. Lyon, +L. E. McMahon, +R. Morris, +R. Muha, +D. A. Nowitz, +L. Wehr, +and +P. J. Weinberger. +We appreciate also +the effective advice and criticism of +T. A. Dolotta, +A. G. Fraser, +J. F. Maranzano, +and +J. R. Mashey; +and we remember the important work of +the late Joseph F. Ossanna. +.sp 1 +.in 4i +B. W. Kernighan +.br +M. D. McIlroy +.in 0 +.if o .bp +\& +.bp +.de IR +\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2 +.. +.de RI +\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3 +.. +.ce +\fB\s+4INTRODUCTION\s-4\fP +.sp 1 +.nr PS 10 +.nr VS 12 +.LP +The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar +to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals. +It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes. +The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets; +the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis. +.DS +I. User's Documents + User's Reference Manual [URM] + Commands (1) + Games (6) + Macro packages and language conventions (7) + User's Supplementary Documents [USD] + Getting Started + Basic Utilities + Communicating with the World + Text Editing + Document Preparation + Amusements + +II. Programmer's Documents + Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM] + System calls (2) + Subroutines (3) + Special files (4) + File formats and conventions (5) + Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD] + Documents of Historic Interest + Languages in common use + Programming Tools + Programming Libraries + General Reference + +III. System Manager's Manual [SMM] + Maintenance commands (8) + System Installation and Administration +.DE +.LP +References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'', +thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary +Documents''. +References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus +.IR sh (1) +refers to the shell manual entry in section 1. +.LP +The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the +4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley. +They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the +4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation. +Various documents on those topics are contained in the +``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the +``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD), +and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM). +In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1) +by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see +``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan, +and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see +``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5). +.LP +Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete +and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict, +the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity. +It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be. +Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date. +.LP +Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by +the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are +intended to be called by the user's programs. +User commands are described in URM section 1. +Commands generally reside in directory +.I /bin +(for +.IR bin \|ary +programs). +Some programs also reside in +.I +/\|usr/\|bin, +.R +to save space in +.I /\|bin. +.R +These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters. +Additional directories that may be of interest include +.I +/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin, +.R +which has contributed software +.I +/\|usr/\|old/\|bin, +.R +which has old but sometimes still useful software and +.I +/\|usr/\|local/\|bin, +.R +which contains software local to your site. +.LP +Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and +.I +/\|usr/\|games, +.R +to keep them from contaminating +the more staid information of URM section 1. +.LP +Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for +writing in various specialized languages such as character codes, +macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7. +.LP +System calls are entries into the BSD kernel. +The system call interface is identical to a C language +procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2. +.LP +An assortment of subroutines is available; +they are described in PRM section 3. +The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in +.IR intro (3). +The functions are described in terms of C. +.LP +PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of +each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device. +The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware, +instead of the names of the special files themselves. +.LP +The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5) +documents the structure of particular kinds of files; +for example, the form of the output of the loader and +assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command, +for example the assembler's intermediate files. +.LP +Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the +system administrator are described in SMM section 8. +The files described here are almost all kept in the directory +.I /\|etc. +The system administration binaries reside in +.I +/\|sbin, +.R +and +.I +/\|usr/\|sbin. +.LP +Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each. +The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages, +together with the section number. +Entries within each section are alphabetized. +The page numbers of each entry start at 1; +it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of +a document like this that is republished in many variant forms. +.LP +All entries are based on a common format; +not all subsections always appear. +.RS +.LP +The +.I name +subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines +covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose. +.LP +The +.IR synopsis "" +summarizes the use of the program being described. +A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection: +.LP +.RS +.B Boldface +words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear. +.LP +Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional. +When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name. +.LP +Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype +may be repeated. +.LP +A final convention is used by the commands themselves. +An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an +option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where +a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose +names begin with ``\-''. +.LP +.RE +The +.IR description "" +subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand. +.LP +The +.IR files "" +subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program. +.LP +A +.I +see also +.R +subsection gives pointers to related information. +.LP +A +.I diagnostics +subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced. +Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed. +.LP +The +.IR bugs "" +subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies. +Occasionally the suggested fix is also described. +.LP +.RE +At the beginning of URM is a table of contents, +organized by section and alphabetically within each section. +There is also a permuted index derived from the table of contents. +Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which +it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses. +This fact is important because there is considerable +name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that +exist only to exercise a particular system call. +Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume. +.SH +HOW TO GET STARTED +.LP +This section sketches the basic information you need to get started on \s-1UNIX\s+1; +how to log in and log out, how to communicate through your terminal, +and how to run a program. +See ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 for Beginners'' in (USD:1) for a +more complete introduction to the system. +.LP +.I +Logging in.\ \ +.R +Almost any ASCII terminal capable of +full duplex operation and generating +the entire character set can be used. +You must have a valid user name, +which may be obtained from the system administration. +If you will be accessing \s-1UNIX\s+1 remotely, you will also +need to obtain the telephone number for the system that you will be using. +.LP +After a data connection is established, +the login procedure depends on what type of terminal you are using +and local system conventions. +If your terminal is directly connected to the computer, +it generally runs at 9600 or 19200 baud. +If you are using a modem running over a phone line, +the terminal must be set at the speed appropriate for the modem you are using, +typically 1200, 2400, or 9600 baud. +The half/full duplex switch should always be set at full-duplex. +(This switch will often have to be changed +since many other systems require half-duplex). +.LP +When a connection is established, the system types ``login:''; +you type your user name, followed by the ``return'' key. +If you have a password, the system asks for it +and suppresses echo to the terminal so the password will not appear. +After you have logged in, the ``return'', ``new line'', or ``linefeed'' keys +will give exactly the same results. +A message-of-the-day usually greets you before your first prompt. +.LP +If the system types out a few garbage characters +after you have established a data connection +(the ``login:'' message at the wrong speed), +depress the ``break'' (or ``interrupt'') key. +This is a speed-independent signal to \s-1UNIX\s+1 +that a different speed terminal is in use. +The system then will type ``login:,'' this time at another speed. +Continue depressing the break key until ``login:'' appears clearly, +then respond with your user name. +.LP +For all these terminals, it is important +that you type your name in lower-case if possible; if you type +upper-case letters, +\s-1UNIX\s+1 will assume that your terminal cannot generate lower-case +letters and will translate all subsequent lower-case letters to upper case. +.LP +The evidence that you have successfully logged in is that a shell program +will type a prompt (``$'' or ``%'') to you. +(The shells are described below under ``How to run a program.'') +.LP +For more information, consult +.IR tset (1), +and +.IR stty (1), +which tell how to adjust terminal behavior; +.IR getty (8) +discusses the login sequence in more detail, and +.IR tty (4) +discusses terminal I/O. +.LP +.I +Logging out.\ \ +.R +There are three ways to log out: +.IP +By typing ``logout'' or an end-of-file +indication (EOT character, control-D) to the shell. +The shell will terminate and the ``login:'' message will appear again. +.IP +You can log in directly as another user by giving a +.IR login (1) +command. +.IP +If worse comes to worse, +you can simply hang up the phone; but beware \- some machines may +lack the necessary hardware to detect that the phone has been hung up. +Ask your system administrator if this is a problem on your machine. +.LP +.I +How to communicate through your terminal.\ \ +.R +When you type characters, a gnome deep in the system +gathers your characters and saves them in a secret place. +The characters will not be given to a program +until you type a return (or newline), as described above in +.I +Logging in. +.R +.LP +\s-1UNIX\s+1 terminal I/O is full-duplex. +It has full read-ahead, which means that you can type at any time, +even while a program is typing at you. +Of course, if you type during output, the printed output will +have the input characters interspersed. +However, whatever you type will be saved up and interpreted in correct sequence. +There is a limit to the amount of read-ahead, +but it is generous and not likely to be exceeded unless +the system is in trouble. +When the read-ahead limit is exceeded, the system +throws away all the saved characters (or beeps, if your prompt was a ``%''). +.LP +The ^U (control-U) character in typed input kills all the +preceding characters in the line, +so typing mistakes can be repaired on a single line. +Also, the delete character (DEL) or sometimes the +backspace character (control-H) erases the last character typed. +.IR Tset (1) +or +.IR stty (1) +can be used to change these defaults. +Successive uses of delete (or backspace) erases characters back to, but +not beyond, the beginning of the line. +DEL and ^U (control-U) can be transmitted to a program by preceding them with +^V (control-V). +(So, to erase ^V (control-V), you need two deletes or backspaces). +.LP +An +.I +interrupt signal +.R +is sent to a program by typing ^C (control-C) or the ``break'' key +which is not passed to programs. +This signal generally causes whatever program you are running to terminate. +It is typically used to stop a long printout that you do not want. +However, programs can arrange either to ignore this signal altogether, +or to be notified when it happens (instead of being terminated). +The editor, for example, catches interrupts and stops what it is doing, +instead of terminating, so that an interrupt can +be used to halt an editor printout without losing the file being edited. +The interrupt character can also be changed with +.IR tset (1) +or +.IR stty (1). +.LP +It is also possible to suspend output temporarily using ^S (control-S) +and later resume output with ^Q (control-Q). +Output can be thrown away without interrupting +the program by typing ^O (control-O); see +.IR tty (4). +.LP +The +.IR quit "" +signal is generated by typing the \s8ASCII\s10 FS character. +(FS appears many places on different terminals, most commonly +as control-\e or control-\^|\^.) +It not only causes a running program to terminate +but also generates a file with the core image of the terminated process. +Quit is useful for debugging. +.LP +Besides adapting to the speed of the terminal, +\s-1UNIX\s+1 tries to be intelligent about whether +you have a terminal with the newline function +or whether it must be simulated with carriage-return and line-feed. +In the latter case, all input carriage returns +are turned to newline characters (the standard line delimiter) +and both a carriage return and a line feed are echoed to the terminal. +If you get into the wrong mode, the +.IR reset (1) +command will rescue you. +If the terminal does not appear to be echoing anything that you type, +it may be stuck in ``no-echo'' or ``raw'' mode. +Try typing ``(control-J)reset(control-J)'' to recover. +.LP +Tab characters are used freely in \s-1UNIX\s+1 source programs. +If your terminal does not have the tab function, +you can arrange to have them turned into spaces +during output, and echoed as spaces during input. +The system assumes that tabs are set every eight columns. +Again, the +.IR tset (1) +or +.IR stty (1) +command can be used to change these defaults. +.IR Tset (1) +can be used to set the tab stops automatically when necessary. +.LP +.I +How to run a program; the shells.\ \ +.R +When you have successfully logged in, a program +called a shell is listening to your terminal. +The shell reads typed-in lines, splits them up +into a command name and arguments, and executes the command. +A command is simply an executable program. +The shell looks in several system directories to find the command. +You can also place commands in your own directory and +have the shell find them there. +There is nothing special about system-provided +commands except that they are kept in a directory where the shell can find them. +.LP +The command name is always the first word on an input line; +it and its arguments are separated from one another by spaces. +.LP +When a program terminates, the shell will ordinarily regain control and type +a prompt at you to show that it is ready for another command. +.LP +The shells have many other capabilities, that are described in detail in +sections +.IR sh (1) +and +.IR csh (1). +If the shell prompts you with ``$'', then it is an instance of +.IR sh (1), +the original \s-1UNIX\s+1 shell. +If it prompts with ``%'' then it is an instance of +.IR csh (1), +a shell written at Berkeley. +The shells are different for all but the most simple terminal usage. +Most users at Berkeley choose +.IR csh (1) +because of the +.I history +mechanism and the +.I alias +feature, that greatly enhance its power when used interactively. +.I Csh +also supports the job-control facilities; +see +.IR csh (1) +or the Csh introduction in USD:4 for details. +.LP +You can change from one shell to the other by using the +.I chpass (1) +command, which takes effect at your next login. +.LP +.I +The current directory.\ \ +.R +\s-1UNIX\s+1 has a file system arranged as a hierarchy of directories. +When the system administrator gave you a user name, +they also created a directory for you (ordinarily +with the same name as your user name). +When you log in, any file name you type is by default in this directory. +Since you are the owner of this directory, you have +full permission to read, write, alter, or destroy its contents. +Permissions to have your will with other directories +and files will have been granted or denied to you by their owners. +As a matter of observed fact, few \s-1UNIX\s+1 +users protect their files from perusal by other users. +.LP +To change the current directory (but not the set of permissions you +were endowed with at login) use +.IR cd (1). +.LP +.I +Path names.\ \ +.R +To refer to files not in the current directory, you must use a path name. +Full path names begin with ``/\|'', the name of the root directory of the +whole file system. +After the slash comes the name of each directory containing the next +sub-directory (followed by a ``/\|'') until finally the file name is reached. +For example, +.I +/\^var/\^tmp/\^filex +.R +refers to the file +.I +filex +.R +in the directory +.I +tmp; tmp +.R +is itself a subdirectory of +.I +var; var +.R +springs directly from the root directory. +.LP +If your current directory has subdirectories, +the path names of files therein begin with +the name of the subdirectory with no prefixed ``/\|''. +.LP +A path name may be used anywhere a file name is required. +.LP +Important commands that modify the contents of files are +.IR cp (1), +.IR mv (1), +and +.IR rm (1), +which respectively copy, move (i.e. rename) and remove files. +To find out the status of files or directories, use +.IR ls (1). +See +.IR mkdir (1) +for making directories and +.IR rmdir (1) +for destroying them. +.LP +For a fuller discussion of the file system, see +``A Fast File System for \s-1UNIX\s+1'' (SMM:5) +by McKusick, Joy, Leffler, and Fabry. +It may also be useful to glance through PRM section 2, +that discusses system calls, even if you do not intend +to deal with the system at that level. +.LP +.I +Writing a program.\ \ +.R +To enter the text of a source program into a \s-1UNIX\s+1 file, +use the standard display editor +.IR vi (1) +or its \s-1WYSIWYG\s+1 counterparts +.IR jove (1) +and +.IR emacs (1). +(The old standard editor +.IR ed (1) +is also available.) +The principle language in \s-1UNIX\s+1 is provided by the C compiler +.IR cc (1). +User contributed software in the latest +release of the system supports the programming languages perl and C++. +After the program text has been entered through the editor +and written to a file, you can give the file +to the appropriate language processor as an argument. +The output of the language processor +will be left on a file in the current directory named ``a.out''. +If the output is precious, use +.IR mv (1) +to move it to a less exposed name after successful compilation. +.LP +When you have finally gone through this entire process +without provoking any diagnostics, the resulting program +can be run by giving its name to the shell +in response to the shell (``$'' or ``%'') prompt. +.LP +Your programs can receive arguments from the command line +just as system programs do, +see ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programming - Second Edition'' (PSD:4), +or for a more terse description +.IR execve (2). +.LP +.I +Text processing.\ \ +.R +Almost all text is entered through an editor such as +.IR vi (1), +.IR jove (1), +or +.IR emacs (1). +The commands most often used to write text on a terminal are: +.IR cat (1), +.IR more (1), +and +.IR nroff (1). +.LP +The +.IR cat (1) +command simply dumps \s8ASCII\s10 text +on the terminal, with no processing at all. +.IR More (1) +is useful for preventing the output of a command from +scrolling off the top of your screen. +It is also well suited to perusing files. +.IR Nroff (1) +is an elaborate text formatting program. +Used naked, it requires careful forethought, but for +ordinary documents it has been tamed; see +.IR me (7) +and +.IR ms (7). +.LP +.IR Groff (1) +converts documents to postscript for output to a +Laserwriter or Phototypesetter. +It is similar to +.IR nroff (1), +and often works from exactly the same source text. +It was used to produce this manual. +.LP +.IR Script (1) +lets you keep a record of your session in a file, +which can then be printed, mailed, etc. +It provides the advantages of a hard-copy terminal +even when using a display terminal. +.LP +.I +Status inquiries.\ \ +.R +Various commands exist to provide you with useful information. +.IR w (1) +prints a list of users currently logged in, and what they are doing. +.IR date (1) +prints the current time and date. +.IR ls (1) +will list the files in your directory or give +summary information about particular files. +.LP +.I +Surprises.\ \ +.R +Certain commands provide inter-user communication. +Even if you do not plan to use them, it would be +well to learn something about them, because someone else may aim them at you. +.LP +To communicate with another user currently logged in, +.IR write (1) +or +.IR talk (1) +is used; +.IR mail (1) +will leave a message whose presence will be announced +to another user when they next log in. +The write-ups in the manual also suggest how to respond to +the these commands if you are a target. +.LP +If you use +.IR csh (1) +the key ^Z (control-Z) will cause jobs to ``stop''. +If this happens before you learn about it, +you can simply continue by saying ``fg'' (for foreground) to bring +the job back. +.LP +We hope that you will come to enjoy using the BSD system. +Although it is very large and contains many commands, +you can become very productive using only a small subset of them. +As your needs expand to doing new tasks, +you will almost always find that the system has the facilities +that you need to accomplish them easily and quickly. +.LP +Most importantly, the source code to the BSD system +is cheaply available to anyone that wants it. +On many BSD systems, it can be found in the directory +.IR /\|usr/\|src . +You may simply want to find out how something works +or fix some important bug without waiting months for +your vendor to respond. +It is also particularly useful if you +want to grab another piece of code to bootstrap a new project. +Provided that you retain the copyrights and acknowledgements +at the top of each file, you are free to redistribute your +work for fun or profit. +Naturally, we hope that you will allow others to also redistribute +your code, though you are not required to do so unless you +use copyleft code (which is primarily found in the software +contributed from the Free Software Foundation and is +clearly identified). +.LP +Good luck and enjoy BSD. +.OH '''\s10- % -\s0' +.EH '\s10- % -\s0''' +.if o .bp +\& +.bp +.EF '\s9\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0' +.OF '\s9\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0' +.ce +\s+4\fBLIST \|OF \|MANUAL \|PAGES\fP\s-4 +.nr x 0.5 +.in +\nxi +.nf +.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR +.de xx +\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2 +.. +.de t +.sp 1v +.ne .5i +.cs 3 +.ti -\\nxi +.ss 18 +\f3\s9\\$2. \\$3\s0\fP +.ss 12 +.if t .sp .5v +.cs 3 36 +.ds Ed Section \\$2 +.ds Dt \\$3 +.so \\$1 +.. +.t toc1 1 "Commands and Application Programs" +.t toc2 2 "System Calls" +.t toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines" +.t toc4 4 "Special Files" +.t toc5 5 "File Formats" +.t toc6 6 "Games" +.t toc7 7 "Miscellaneous" +.t toc8 8 "System Maintenance" +.in -\nxi +.cs 3 +.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i +.if o .bp +\& +.bp +\& +.OH '\s9\fIPermuted Index\fP''- % -\s0' +.EH '\s9- % -''\fIPermuted Index\fP\s0' +.ds Ed 4.4BSD +.ds Dt June \|1993 +.ce +\s+4\fBPERMUTED \|INDEX\fP\s-4 +.sp 1 +.nr PS 8 +.nr VS 9 +.LP +.\" backup from slotput 1, slot, 2 +.tr ~ +.nf +.cs 3 36 +.de xx +.ds s1\" +.if \w\\$2 .ds s1 ~~\" +.ds s2 ~~~\" +.ds s3\" +.if \w\\$4 .ds s3 ~~\" +.ds s4 ~~\" +.ds s5 ~~\" +.ds y \\*(s4\f3\fP\\*(s5 +.ta 6i-\w\\*(s5u +\h"3i-\w\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2u"\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2\\$3\\*(s3\\$4\\*y\\$5 +.. +.so ptxx +.cs 3 +.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i diff --git a/share/man/man0/tocrc b/share/man/man0/tocrc new file mode 100755 index 0000000..182e004 --- /dev/null +++ b/share/man/man0/tocrc @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +#!/bin/sh - +# +# Copyright (c) 1993 +# The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +# +# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +# are met: +# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +# 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +# must display the following acknowledgement: +# This product includes software developed by the University of +# California, Berkeley and its contributors. +# 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +# may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +# without specific prior written permission. +# +# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +# SUCH DAMAGE. +# +# @(#)tocrc 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/29/93 +# +tmp=/tmp/toc$$ +trap "rm $tmp ; exit" 2 3 15 +: tocx files for all sections and everything else + +if [ ! -f tocx8 ]; then + for x in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do + /usr/libexec/getNAME -t `cat man$x` | + sed \ + -e 's/.s-2//g' \ + -e 's/.s-1//g' \ + -e 's/.s0//g' \ + -e 's/.s+1//g' \ + -e 's/ *.- */: /' \ + -e 's/ *$/./' \ + -e 's/.TH.* //' \ + > tocx$x + done +fi +: permuted index and toc files + +cat tocx* cshcmd > /tmp/cattoc + +ptx -r -t -b break -f -w 108 -i ignore /tmp/cattoc ptxx + +for x in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8; do + grep '^intro' <tocx$x >$tmp + sed \ + -e '2,${' \ + -e '/^intro/d' \ + -e '}' \ + -e 's/ .*://' \ + -e 's/.$//' \ + -e 's/([^)]*) /" "/' \ + -e 's/.*/.xx "&"/' \ + -e '/""/d' \ + $tmp tocx$x \ + >toc$x +done +exit |