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+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)fsck.8	8.2 (Berkeley) 12/11/93
+.\"
+.Dd December 11, 1993
+.Dt FSCK 8
+.Os BSD 4
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm fsck
+.Nd filesystem consistency check and interactive repair
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm fsck
+.Fl p
+.Op Fl m Ar mode
+.Nm fsck
+.Op Fl b Ar block#
+.Op Fl c Ar level
+.Op Fl l Ar maxparallel
+.Op Fl y
+.Op Fl n
+.Op Fl m Ar mode
+.Op Ar filesystem
+.Ar ...
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The first form of
+.Nm fsck
+preens a standard set of filesystems or the specified filesystems.
+It is normally used in the script
+.Pa /etc/rc
+during automatic reboot.
+Here
+.Nm fsck
+reads the table
+.Pa /etc/fstab
+to determine which filesystems to check.
+Only partitions in fstab that are mounted ``rw,'' ``rq'' or ``ro''
+and that have non-zero pass number are checked.
+Filesystems with pass number 1 (normally just the root filesystem)
+are checked one at a time.
+When pass 1 completes, all remaining filesystems are checked,
+running one process per disk drive.
+The disk drive containing each filesystem is inferred from the longest prefix
+of the device name that ends in a digit; the remaining characters are assumed
+to be the partition designator.
+.Pp
+The kernel takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous filesystem
+inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
+These are limited to the following:
+.Bl -item -compact
+.It
+Unreferenced inodes
+.It
+Link counts in inodes too large
+.It
+Missing blocks in the free map
+.It
+Blocks in the free map also in files
+.It
+Counts in the super-block wrong
+.El
+.Pp
+These are the only inconsistencies that
+.Nm fsck
+with the
+.Fl p
+option will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
+with an abnormal return status and an automatic reboot will then fail.
+For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
+identifying the filesystem on which the correction will take place,
+and the nature of the correction.  After successfully correcting a filesystem,
+.Nm fsck
+will print the number of files on that filesystem,
+the number of used and free blocks,
+and the percentage of fragmentation.
+.Pp
+If sent a
+.Dv QUIT
+signal,
+.Nm fsck
+will finish the filesystem checks, then exit with an abnormal
+return status that causes an automatic reboot to fail.
+This is useful when you want to finish the filesystem checks during an
+automatic reboot,
+but do not want the machine to come up multiuser after the checks complete.
+.Pp
+Without the
+.Fl p
+option,
+.Nm fsck
+audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for filesystems. 
+If the filesystem is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
+before each correction is attempted.
+It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
+correctable under the
+.Fl p
+option will result in some loss of data.
+The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
+output.
+The default action for each consistency correction
+is to wait for the operator to respond
+.Li yes
+or
+.Li no .
+If the operator does not have write permission on the filesystem
+.Nm fsck
+will default to a 
+.Fl n
+action.
+.Pp
+.Nm Fsck
+has more consistency checks than
+its predecessors
+.Em check , dcheck , fcheck ,
+and
+.Em icheck
+combined.
+.Pp
+The following flags are interpreted by
+.Nm fsck .
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl b
+Use the block specified immediately after the flag as
+the super block for the filesystem.  Block 32 is usually
+an alternate super block.
+.It Fl l
+Limit the number of parallel checks to the number specified in the following
+argument.
+By default, the limit is the number of disks, running one process per disk.
+If a smaller limit is given, the disks are checked round-robin, one filesystem
+at a time.
+.It Fl m
+Use the mode specified in octal immediately after the flag as the
+permission bits to use when creating the
+.Pa lost+found
+directory rather than the default 1777.
+In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
+by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
+set of permissions such as 700.
+.It Fl y
+Assume a yes response to all questions asked by 
+.Nm fsck ;
+this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
+to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
+.It Fl n
+Assume a no response to all questions asked by 
+.Nm fsck
+except for
+.Ql CONTINUE? ,
+which is assumed to be affirmative;
+do not open the filesystem for writing.
+.It Fl c
+Convert the filesystem to the specified level.
+Note that the level of a filesystem can only be raised.
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+There are currently three levels defined:
+.It 0
+The filesystem is in the old (static table) format.
+.It 1
+The filesystem is in the new (dynamic table) format.
+.It 2
+The filesystem supports 32-bit uid's and gid's,
+short symbolic links are stored in the inode, 
+and directories have an added field showing the file type.
+.El
+.Pp
+In interactive mode,
+.Nm fsck
+will list the conversion to be made
+and ask whether the conversion should be done.
+If a negative answer is given,
+no further operations are done on the filesystem.
+In preen mode,
+the conversion is listed and done if
+possible without user interaction.
+Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the filesystems
+are being converted at once.
+The format of a filesystem can be determined from the
+first line of output from 
+.Xr dumpfs 8 .
+.El
+.Pp
+If no filesystems are given to 
+.Nm fsck
+then a default list of filesystems is read from
+the file
+.Pa /etc/fstab .
+.Pp
+.Bl -enum -indent indent -compact
+Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
+.It
+Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
+.It
+Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the filesystem.
+.It
+Incorrect link counts.
+.It
+Size checks:
+.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
+.It 
+Directory size not a multiple of DIRBLKSIZ.
+.It
+Partially truncated file.
+.El
+.It
+Bad inode format.
+.It
+Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
+.It
+Directory checks:
+.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
+.It 
+File pointing to unallocated inode.
+.It
+Inode number out of range.
+.It
+Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
+or having the wrong inode number.
+.El
+.It
+Super Block checks:
+.Bl -item -indent indent -compact
+.It 
+More blocks for inodes than there are in the filesystem.
+.It
+Bad free block map format.
+.It
+Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
+.El
+.El
+.Pp
+Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
+with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
+placing them in the 
+.Pa lost+found
+directory.
+The name assigned is the inode number.
+If the
+.Pa lost+found
+directory does not exist, it is created.
+If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
+.Pp
+Because of inconsistencies between the block device and the buffer cache,
+the raw device should always be used.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width /etc/fstab -compact
+.It Pa /etc/fstab
+contains default list of filesystems to check.
+.El
+.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+The diagnostics produced by 
+.Nm fsck
+are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
+.Rs
+.%T "Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program"
+.Re
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr fstab 5 ,
+.Xr fs 5 ,
+.Xr fsdb 8 ,
+.Xr newfs 8 ,
+.Xr mkfs 8 ,
+.Xr reboot 8