summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/contrib/ncurses/doc
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
authorpeter <peter@FreeBSD.org>2000-07-03 09:24:12 +0000
committerpeter <peter@FreeBSD.org>2000-07-03 09:24:12 +0000
commitcc6a5cc05f3c2cde24338d35c9714f1e7ebf032e (patch)
tree27e79485df3c9195e6fe58960df47f675f41f1e9 /contrib/ncurses/doc
parentb22d00e9129b5cb2fee8da1592ca70eff2222f7e (diff)
downloadFreeBSD-src-cc6a5cc05f3c2cde24338d35c9714f1e7ebf032e.zip
FreeBSD-src-cc6a5cc05f3c2cde24338d35c9714f1e7ebf032e.tar.gz
Import the most recent ncurses 5.1 prerelease (20000701).
Mostly this is intended to resolve the trace() badness once and for all. Obtained from: ftp://dickey.his.com/ncurses/
Diffstat (limited to 'contrib/ncurses/doc')
-rw-r--r--contrib/ncurses/doc/html/announce.html381
-rw-r--r--contrib/ncurses/doc/html/hackguide.html890
-rw-r--r--contrib/ncurses/doc/html/ncurses-intro.html2686
3 files changed, 3957 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/announce.html b/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/announce.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3c68d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/announce.html
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//EN">
+<!--
+ $Id: announce.html,v 1.37 2000/07/02 01:50:20 tom Exp $
+-->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Announcing ncurses 5.1</TITLE>
+<link rev=made href="mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org">
+</HEAD>
+<BODY>
+
+<H1>Announcing ncurses 5.1</H1>
+
+The ncurses (new curses) library is a free software emulation of
+curses in System V Release 4.0, and more. It uses terminfo format,
+supports pads and color
+and multiple highlights and forms characters and function-key mapping,
+and has all the other SYSV-curses enhancements over BSD curses.<P>
+
+In mid-June 1995, the maintainer of 4.4BSD curses declared that he
+considered 4.4BSD curses obsolete, and is encouraging the keepers of
+Unix releases such as BSD/OS, freeBSD and netBSD to switch over to
+ncurses.<P>
+
+The ncurses code was developed under GNU/Linux. It should port easily to
+any ANSI/POSIX-conforming UNIX. It has even been ported to OS/2 Warp!<P>
+
+The distribution includes the library and support utilities, including a
+terminfo compiler tic(1), a decompiler infocmp(1), clear(1), tput(1), tset(1),
+and a termcap conversion tool captoinfo(1). Full manual pages are provided for
+the library and tools.<P>
+
+The ncurses distribution is available via anonymous FTP at
+the GNU distribution site
+<A HREF="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ncurses">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ncurses</A>.
+It is also available at
+<A HREF="ftp://dickey.his.com/ncurses">ftp://dickey.his.com/ncurses</A>.
+
+<H1>Release Notes</H1>
+
+This release is designed to be upward compatible from ncurses 5.0; very few
+applications will require recompilation, depending on the platform.
+These are the highlights from the change-log since ncurses 5.0 release.
+<p>
+Interface changes:
+<ul>
+ <li>made the extended terminal capabilities
+ (<code>configure&nbsp;--enable-tcap-names</code>)
+ a standard feature (though the configure script can disable it,
+ it is built by default).
+
+ <li>removed the <code>trace()</code> function and related trace support
+ from the production library. This is the only interface change that
+ may cause problems with existing applications linked to shared
+ libraries, since not all platforms use the minor version number.
+
+ <li>explicitly initialized to zero several data items which were
+ implicitly initialized, e.g., cur_term. If not explicitly
+ initialized, their storage type is C (common), and causes problems
+ linking on some platforms.
+
+ <li>modified curses.h.in, undef'ing some symbols to avoid conflict with
+ C++ STL.
+</ul>
+New features:
+<ul>
+ <li>added a new extension, <code>assume_default_colors()</code> to
+ provide better control over the use of default colors. This is
+ the principal visible difference between ncurses 5.1 and preceding
+ versions. The new extension allows an application to specify what
+ colors pair 0 uses. It defaults to white on black, unless you
+ have invoked <code>use_default_colors()</code>.
+
+ <li>made several fixes to the terminfo-to-termcap conversion, and
+ have been using the generated termcaps without further hand-tuning.
+ This builds on the extension <code>use_extended_names()</code> by
+ adding "obsolete" termcap strings to terminfo.src
+ <ul>
+ <li>modified <code>tic</code> so that if extended names (i.e.,
+ configure&nbsp;--enable-tcap-names) are active, then <code>tic&nbsp;-x</code>
+ will also write "obsolete" capabilities that are present in the
+ terminfo source.
+
+ <li>added screen's AX capability (for ECMA SGR 39 and 49) to applicable
+ terminfo entries, use presence of this as a check for a small
+ improvement in setting default colors.
+
+ <li>add -a option to tic and infocmp, which retains commented-out
+ capabilities during source translation/comparison, e.g., captoinfo
+ and infotocap.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>implemented limited support for UTF-8, useful with XFree86 xterm:
+ <ul>
+ <li>if the <code>configure&nbsp;--enable-widec</code> option is
+ given, append 'w' to names of the generated libraries (e.g.,
+ libncursesw.so) to avoid conflict with existing ncurses libraries.
+ <li>add a simple UTF-8 output driver to the experimental
+ wide-character support. If any of the environment variables
+ LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE or LANG contain the string "UTF-8", this driver
+ will be used to translate the output to UTF-8.
+ <li>modified view.c to make a rudimentary viewer of UTF-8 text.
+ </ul>
+
+ <li>modify <code>raw()</code> and <code>noraw()</code> to clear/restore
+ IEXTEN flag which affects stty lnext on systems such as FreeBSD
+
+ <li>reordered tests during mouse initialization to allow for gpm to run in
+ xterm, or for xterm to be used under OS/2 EMX. Also dropped test for
+ $DISPLAY in favor of kmous=\E[M or $TERM containing "xterm".
+
+ <li>added configure option <code>--with-manpage-symlinks</code>, which
+ provides for fully indexing manpage entries by making symbolic links
+ for the aliases.
+
+ <li>changed <code>unctrl()</code> to render C1 characters (128-159) as
+ <code>~@</code>, <code>~A</code>, etc.
+
+ <li>add experimental configure option --enable-colorfgbg to check for
+ $COLORTERM variable as set by rxvt/aterm/Eterm.
+
+ <li>made the <code>infocmp -F</code> option less verbose.
+
+ <li>dropped support for gnat 3.10 (gnat 3.12 is current).
+
+</ul>
+Major bug fixes:
+<ul>
+ <li>modified infocmp -e, -E options to ensure that generated fallback.c
+ type for Booleans agrees with term.h
+
+ <li>documented a special case of incompatiblity between ncurses 4.2 and
+ 5.0, added a section for this in INSTALL.
+
+ <li>corrected tests for file-descriptors in OS/2 EMX mouse support. A
+ negative value could be used by FD_SET, causing the select() call to
+ wait indefinitely.
+
+ <li>made 'tput flash' work properly for xterm by flushing output in
+ delay_output() when using napms(), and modifying xterm's terminfo to
+ specify no padding character. Otherwise, xterm's reported baud rate
+ could mislead ncurses into producing too few padding characters.
+
+ <li>modified lib_addch.c to allow repeated update to the lower-right
+ corner, rather than displaying only the first character written until
+ the cursor is moved. Recent versions of SVr4 curses can update the
+ lower-right corner, and behave this way.
+
+ <li>modified echo() behavior of getch() to match Solaris curses for
+ carriage return and backspace (reported by Neil Zanella).
+
+ <li>corrected offsets used for subwindows in <code>wresize()</code>
+
+ <li>modified configure script so AC_MSG_ERROR is temporarily defined to
+ a warning in AC_PROG_CXX to make it recover from a missing C++
+ compiler without requiring user to add --without-cxx option
+
+ <li>corrected logic in lib_twait.c as used by lib_mouse.c for GPM mouse
+ support when poll() is used rather than select().
+
+ <li>made several fixes for buffer overflows, unchecked recursion,
+ improvements in performance, etc. See the NEWS file for details.
+</ul>
+
+<H1>Features of Ncurses</H1>
+
+The ncurses package is fully compatible with SVr4 (System V Release 4) curses:
+
+<UL>
+<LI>All 257 of the SVr4 calls have been implemented (and are documented).
+<LI>Full support for SVr4 curses features including keyboard mapping, color,
+forms-drawing with ACS characters, and automatic recognition of keypad
+and function keys.
+<LI>An emulation of the SVr4 panels library, supporting
+a stack of windows with backing store, is included.
+<LI>An emulation of the SVr4 menus library, supporting
+a uniform but flexible interface for menu programming, is included.
+<LI>An emulation of the SVr4 form library, supporting
+data collection through on-screen forms, is included.
+<LI>Binary terminfo entries generated by the ncurses tic(1) implementation
+are bit-for-bit-compatible with the entry format SVr4 curses uses.
+<LI>The utilities have options to allow you to filter terminfo
+entries for use with less capable <STRONG>curses</STRONG>/<STRONG>terminfo</STRONG>
+versions such as the HP/UX and AIX ports.</UL>
+
+The ncurses package also has many useful extensions over SVr4:
+
+<UL>
+<LI>The API is 8-bit clean and base-level conformant with the X/OPEN curses
+specification, XSI curses (that is, it implements all BASE level features,
+but not all EXTENDED features). Most EXTENDED-level features not directly
+concerned with wide-character support are implemented, including many
+function calls not supported under SVr4 curses (but portability of all
+calls is documented so you can use the SVr4 subset only).
+<LI>Unlike SVr3 curses, ncurses can write to the rightmost-bottommost corner
+of the screen if your terminal has an insert-character capability.
+<LI>Ada95 and C++ bindings.
+<LI>Support for mouse event reporting with X Window xterm and OS/2 console windows.
+<LI>Extended mouse support via Alessandro Rubini's gpm package.
+<LI>The function <CODE>wresize()</CODE> allows you to resize windows, preserving
+their data.
+<LI>The function <CODE>use_default_colors()</CODE> allows you to
+use the terminal's default colors for the default color pair,
+achieving the effect of transparent colors.
+<LI>The functions <CODE>keyok()</CODE>
+and <CODE>define_key()</CODE> allow
+you to better control the use of function keys,
+e.g., disabling the ncurses KEY_MOUSE,
+or by defining more than one control sequence to map to a given key code.
+<LI>Support for 16-color terminals, such as aixterm and XFree86 xterm.
+<LI>Better cursor-movement optimization. The package now features a
+cursor-local-movement computation more efficient than either BSD's
+or System V's.
+<LI>Super hardware scrolling support. The screen-update code incorporates
+a novel, simple, and cheap algorithm that enables it to make optimal
+use of hardware scrolling, line-insertion, and line-deletion
+for screen-line movements. This algorithm is more powerful than
+the 4.4BSD curses quickch() routine.
+<LI>Real support for terminals with the magic-cookie glitch. The
+screen-update code will refrain from drawing a highlight if the magic-
+cookie unattributed spaces required just before the beginning and
+after the end would step on a non-space character. It will
+automatically shift highlight boundaries when doing so would make it
+possible to draw the highlight without changing the visual appearance
+of the screen.
+<LI>It is possible to generate the library with a list of pre-loaded
+fallback entries linked to it so that it can serve those terminal types even
+when no terminfo tree or termcap file is accessible (this may be useful
+for support of screen-oriented programs that must run in single-user mode).
+<LI>The tic(1)/captoinfo utility provided with ncurses has the
+ability to translate many termcaps from the XENIX, IBM and
+AT&amp;T extension sets.
+<LI>A BSD-like tset(1) utility is provided.
+<LI>The ncurses library and utilities will automatically read terminfo
+entries from $HOME/.terminfo if it exists, and compile to that directory
+if it exists and the user has no write access to the system directory.
+This feature makes it easier for users to have personal terminfo entries
+without giving up access to the system terminfo directory.
+<LI>You may specify a path of directories to search for compiled
+descriptions with the environment variable TERMINFO_DIRS (this
+generalizes the feature provided by TERMINFO under stock System V.)
+<LI>In terminfo source files, use capabilities may refer not just to
+other entries in the same source file (as in System V) but also to
+compiled entries in either the system terminfo directory or the user's
+$HOME/.terminfo directory.
+<LI>A script (<STRONG>capconvert</STRONG>) is provided to help BSD users
+transition from termcap to terminfo. It gathers the information in a
+TERMCAP environment variable and/or a ~/.termcap local entries file
+and converts it to an equivalent local terminfo tree under $HOME/.terminfo.
+<LI>Automatic fallback to the /etc/termcap file can be compiled in
+when it is not possible to build a terminfo tree. This feature is neither
+fast nor cheap, you don't want to use it unless you have to,
+but it's there.
+<LI>The table-of-entries utility <STRONG>toe</STRONG> makes it easy for users to
+see exactly what terminal types are available on the system.
+<LI>The library meets the XSI requirement that every macro entry
+point have a corresponding function which may be linked (and will be
+prototype-checked) if the macro definition is disabled with
+<CODE>#undef</CODE>.
+<LI>An HTML "Introduction to Programming with NCURSES" document provides
+a narrative introduction to the curses programming interface.
+</UL>
+
+<H1>State of the Package</H1>
+
+Numerous bugs present in earlier versions have been fixed; the
+library is far more reliable than it used to be. Bounds checking in many
+`dangerous' entry points has been improved. The code is now type-safe
+according to gcc -Wall. The library has been checked for malloc leaks and
+arena corruption by the Purify memory-allocation tester.<P>
+
+The ncurses code has been tested with a wide variety of applications
+including (versions starting with those noted):
+<DL>
+<DT> cdk
+<DD> Curses Development Kit
+<br>
+<A HREF="http://www.vexus.ca/CDK.html">Curses Development Kit</a>
+<A HREF="http://dickey.his.com/cdk/cdk.html">http://dickey.his.com/cdk</A>.
+<DT> ded
+<DD> directory-editor
+<br>
+<A HREF="http://dickey.his.com/ded/ded.html">http://dickey.his.com/ded</A>.
+<DT> dialog
+<DD> the underlying application used in Slackware's setup, and the basis
+for similar applications on GNU/Linux.
+<br>
+<A HREF="http://dickey.his.com/dialog/dialog.html">http://dickey.his.com/dialog</A>.
+<DT> lynx
+<DD> the character-screen WWW browser
+<br>
+<A HREF="http://lynx.isc.org/release/">http://lynx.isc.org/release</A>.
+<DT> Midnight Commander 4.1
+<DD> file manager
+<DT> mutt
+<DD> mail utility
+<br>
+<A HREF="http://www.mutt.org">http://www.mutt.org</A>.
+<DT> ncftp
+<DD> file-transfer utility
+<DT> nvi
+<DD> New vi versions 1.50 are able to use ncurses versions 1.9.7 and later.
+<DT> tin
+<DD> newsreader, supporting color, MIME
+<br>
+<A HREF="http://www.tin.org">http://www.tin.org</A>.
+<DT> taper
+<DD> tape archive utility
+<DT> vh-1.6
+<DD> Volks-Hypertext browser for the Jargon File
+</DL>
+as well as some that use ncurses for the terminfo support alone:
+<DL>
+<DT> minicom
+<DD> terminal emulator
+<DT> vile
+<DD> vi-like-emacs
+<br>
+<A HREF="http://dickey.his.com/vile/vile.html">http://dickey.his.com/vile</A>.
+</DL>
+<P>
+
+The ncurses distribution includes a selection of test programs (including
+a few games).
+
+<H2>Who's Who and What's What</H2>
+
+The original developers of ncurses are <A
+HREF="mailto:zmbenhal@netcom.com">Zeyd Ben-Halim</A> and
+<A HREF="http://www.ccil.org/~esr/home.html">Eric S. Raymond</A>.
+Ongoing work is being done by
+<A HREF="mailto:dickey@herndon4.his.com">Thomas Dickey</A>
+and
+<A HREF="mailto:juergen.pfeifer@gmx.net">J&uuml;rgen Pfeifer</A>.
+<A HREF="mailto:dickey@herndon4.his.com">Thomas Dickey</A>
+acts as the maintainer for the Free Software Foundation, which holds the
+copyright on ncurses.
+Contact the current maintainers at
+<A HREF="mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org">bug-ncurses@gnu.org</A>.
+<P>
+
+To join the ncurses mailing list, please write email to
+<CODE>bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org</CODE> containing the line:
+<PRE>
+ subscribe &lt;name&gt;@&lt;host.domain&gt;
+</PRE>
+
+This list is open to anyone interested in helping with the development and
+testing of this package.<P>
+
+Beta versions of ncurses and patches to the current release are made available at
+<A HREF="ftp://dickey.his.com/ncurses">ftp://dickey.his.com/ncurses</A>.
+
+<H2>Future Plans</H2>
+<UL>
+<LI>Extended-level XPG4 conformance, with internationalization support.
+<LI>Ports to more systems, including DOS and Windows.
+</UL>
+We need people to help with these projects. If you are interested in working
+on them, please join the ncurses list.
+
+<H2>Other Related Resources</H2>
+
+The distribution includes and uses a version of the terminfo-format
+terminal description file maintained by Eric Raymond.
+<A HREF="http://earthspace.net/~esr/terminfo">http://earthspace.net/~esr/terminfo</A>.<P>
+
+You can find lots of information on terminal-related topics
+not covered in the terminfo file at
+<A HREF="http://www.cs.utk.edu/~shuford/terminal_index.html">Richard Shuford's
+archive</A>.
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
+<!--
+# The following sets edit modes for GNU EMACS
+# Local Variables:
+# mode:html
+# case-fold-search:nil
+# fill-column:70
+# End:
+-->
diff --git a/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/hackguide.html b/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/hackguide.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce033a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/hackguide.html
@@ -0,0 +1,890 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//EN">
+<!--
+ $Id: hackguide.html,v 1.25 2000/03/25 18:45:21 tom Exp $
+-->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>A Hacker's Guide to Ncurses Internals</TITLE>
+<link rev="made" href="mailto:bugs-ncurses@gnu.org">
+<!--
+This document is self-contained, *except* that there is one relative link to
+the ncurses-intro.html document, expected to be in the same directory with
+this one.
+-->
+</HEAD>
+<BODY>
+
+<H1>A Hacker's Guide to NCURSES</H1>
+
+<H1>Contents</H1>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#abstract">Abstract</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#objective">Objective of the Package</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#whysvr4">Why System V Curses?</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#extensions">How to Design Extensions</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#portability">Portability and Configuration</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#documentation">Documentation Conventions</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#bugtrack">How to Report Bugs</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#ncurslib">A Tour of the Ncurses Library</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#loverview">Library Overview</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#engine">The Engine Room</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#input">Keyboard Input</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#mouse">Mouse Events</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#output">Output and Screen Updating</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#fmnote">The Forms and Menu Libraries</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#tic">A Tour of the Terminfo Compiler</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#nonuse">Translation of Non-<STRONG>use</STRONG> Capabilities</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#uses">Use Capability Resolution</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#translation">Source-Form Translation</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#utils">Other Utilities</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#style">Style Tips for Developers</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#port">Porting Hints</A>
+</UL>
+
+<H1><A NAME="abstract">Abstract</A></H1>
+
+This document is a hacker's tour of the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library and utilities.
+It discusses design philosophy, implementation methods, and the
+conventions used for coding and documentation. It is recommended
+reading for anyone who is interested in porting, extending or improving the
+package.
+
+<H1><A NAME="objective">Objective of the Package</A></H1>
+
+The objective of the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> package is to provide a free software API for
+character-cell terminals and terminal emulators with the following
+characteristics:
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Source-compatible with historical curses implementations (including
+ the original BSD curses and System V curses.
+<LI>Conformant with the XSI Curses standard issued as part of XPG4 by
+ X/Open.
+<LI>High-quality -- stable and reliable code, wide portability, good
+ packaging, superior documentation.
+<LI>Featureful -- should eliminate as much of the drudgery of C interface
+ programming as possible, freeing programmers to think at a higher
+ level of design.
+</UL>
+
+These objectives are in priority order. So, for example, source
+compatibility with older version must trump featurefulness -- we cannot
+add features if it means breaking the portion of the API corresponding
+to historical curses versions.
+
+<H2><A NAME="whysvr4">Why System V Curses?</A></H2>
+
+We used System V curses as a model, reverse-engineering their API, in
+order to fulfill the first two objectives. <P>
+
+System V curses implementations can support BSD curses programs with
+just a recompilation, so by capturing the System V API we also
+capture BSD's. <P>
+
+More importantly for the future, the XSI Curses standard issued by X/Open
+is explicitly and closely modeled on System V. So conformance with
+System V took us most of the way to base-level XSI conformance.
+
+<H2><A NAME="extensions">How to Design Extensions</A></H2>
+
+The third objective (standards conformance) requires that it be easy to
+condition source code using <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> so that the absence of nonstandard
+extensions does not break the code. <P>
+
+Accordingly, we have a policy of associating with each nonstandard extension
+a feature macro, so that ncurses client code can use this macro to condition
+in or out the code that requires the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> extension. <P>
+
+For example, there is a macro <CODE>NCURSES_MOUSE_VERSION</CODE> which XSI Curses
+does not define, but which is defined in the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library header.
+You can use this to condition the calls to the mouse API calls.
+
+<H1><A NAME="portability">Portability and Configuration</A></H1>
+
+Code written for <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> may assume an ANSI-standard C compiler and
+POSIX-compatible OS interface. It may also assume the presence of a
+System-V-compatible <EM>select(2)</EM> call. <P>
+
+We encourage (but do not require) developers to make the code friendly
+to less-capable UNIX environments wherever possible. <P>
+
+We encourage developers to support OS-specific optimizations and methods
+not available under POSIX/ANSI, provided only that:
+
+<UL>
+<LI>All such code is properly conditioned so the build process does not
+ attempt to compile it under a plain ANSI/POSIX environment.
+<LI>Adding such implementation methods does not introduce incompatibilities
+ in the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> API between platforms.
+</UL>
+
+We use GNU <CODE>autoconf(1)</CODE> as a tool to deal with portability issues.
+The right way to leverage an OS-specific feature is to modify the autoconf
+specification files (configure.in and aclocal.m4) to set up a new feature
+macro, which you then use to condition your code.
+
+<H1><A NAME="documentation">Documentation Conventions</A></H1>
+
+There are three kinds of documentation associated with this package. Each
+has a different preferred format:
+
+<UL>
+<LI>Package-internal files (README, INSTALL, TO-DO etc.)
+<LI>Manual pages.
+<LI>Everything else (i.e., narrative documentation).
+</UL>
+
+Our conventions are simple:
+<OL>
+<LI><STRONG>Maintain package-internal files in plain text.</STRONG>
+ The expected viewer for them <EM>more(1)</EM> or an editor window; there's
+ no point in elaborate mark-up.
+
+<LI><STRONG>Mark up manual pages in the man macros.</STRONG> These have to be viewable
+ through traditional <EM>man(1)</EM> programs.
+
+<LI><STRONG>Write everything else in HTML.</STRONG>
+</OL>
+
+When in doubt, HTMLize a master and use <EM>lynx(1)</EM> to generate
+plain ASCII (as we do for the announcement document). <P>
+
+The reason for choosing HTML is that it's (a) well-adapted for on-line
+browsing through viewers that are everywhere; (b) more easily readable
+as plain text than most other mark-ups, if you don't have a viewer; and (c)
+carries enough information that you can generate a nice-looking printed
+version from it. Also, of course, it make exporting things like the
+announcement document to WWW pretty trivial.
+
+<H1><A NAME="bugtrack">How to Report Bugs</A></H1>
+
+The <A NAME="bugreport">reporting address for bugs</A> is
+<A HREF="mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org">bug-ncurses@gnu.org</A>.
+This is a majordomo list; to join, write
+to <CODE>bug-ncurses-request@gnu.org</CODE> with a message containing the line:
+<PRE>
+ subscribe &lt;name&gt;@&lt;host.domain&gt;
+</PRE>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> code is maintained by a small group of
+volunteers. While we try our best to fix bugs promptly, we simply
+don't have a lot of hours to spend on elementary hand-holding. We rely
+on intelligent cooperation from our users. If you think you have
+found a bug in <CODE>ncurses</CODE>, there are some steps you can take
+before contacting us that will help get the bug fixed quickly. <P>
+
+In order to use our bug-fixing time efficiently, we put people who
+show us they've taken these steps at the head of our queue. This
+means that if you don't, you'll probably end up at the tail end and
+have to wait a while.
+
+<OL>
+<LI>Develop a recipe to reproduce the bug.
+<p>
+Bugs we can reproduce are likely to be fixed very quickly, often
+within days. The most effective single thing you can do to get a
+quick fix is develop a way we can duplicate the bad behavior --
+ideally, by giving us source for a small, portable test program that
+breaks the library. (Even better is a keystroke recipe using one of
+the test programs provided with the distribution.)
+
+<LI>Try to reproduce the bug on a different terminal type. <P>
+
+In our experience, most of the behaviors people report as library bugs
+are actually due to subtle problems in terminal descriptions. This is
+especially likely to be true if you're using a traditional
+asynchronous terminal or PC-based terminal emulator, rather than xterm
+or a UNIX console entry. <P>
+
+It's therefore extremely helpful if you can tell us whether or not your
+problem reproduces on other terminal types. Usually you'll have both
+a console type and xterm available; please tell us whether or not your
+bug reproduces on both. <P>
+
+If you have xterm available, it is also good to collect xterm reports for
+different window sizes. This is especially true if you normally use an
+unusual xterm window size -- a surprising number of the bugs we've seen
+are either triggered or masked by these.
+
+<LI>Generate and examine a trace file for the broken behavior. <P>
+
+Recompile your program with the debugging versions of the libraries.
+Insert a <CODE>trace()</CODE> call with the argument set to <CODE>TRACE_UPDATE</CODE>.
+(See <A HREF="ncurses-intro.html#debugging">"Writing Programs with
+NCURSES"</A> for details on trace levels.)
+Reproduce your bug, then look at the trace file to see what the library
+was actually doing. <P>
+
+Another frequent cause of apparent bugs is application coding errors
+that cause the wrong things to be put on the virtual screen. Looking
+at the virtual-screen dumps in the trace file will tell you immediately if
+this is happening, and save you from the possible embarrassment of being
+told that the bug is in your code and is your problem rather than ours. <P>
+
+If the virtual-screen dumps look correct but the bug persists, it's
+possible to crank up the trace level to give more and more information
+about the library's update actions and the control sequences it issues
+to perform them. The test directory of the distribution contains a
+tool for digesting these logs to make them less tedious to wade
+through. <P>
+
+Often you'll find terminfo problems at this stage by noticing that the
+escape sequences put out for various capabilities are wrong. If not,
+you're likely to learn enough to be able to characterize any bug in
+the screen-update logic quite exactly.
+
+<LI>Report details and symptoms, not just interpretations. <P>
+
+If you do the preceding two steps, it is very likely that you'll discover
+the nature of the problem yourself and be able to send us a fix. This
+will create happy feelings all around and earn you good karma for the first
+time you run into a bug you really can't characterize and fix yourself. <P>
+
+If you're still stuck, at least you'll know what to tell us. Remember, we
+need details. If you guess about what is safe to leave out, you are too
+likely to be wrong. <P>
+
+If your bug produces a bad update, include a trace file. Try to make
+the trace at the <EM>least</EM> voluminous level that pins down the
+bug. Logs that have been through tracemunch are OK, it doesn't throw
+away any information (actually they're better than un-munched ones because
+they're easier to read). <P>
+
+If your bug produces a core-dump, please include a symbolic stack trace
+generated by gdb(1) or your local equivalent. <P>
+
+Tell us about every terminal on which you've reproduced the bug -- and
+every terminal on which you can't. Ideally, sent us terminfo sources
+for all of these (yours might differ from ours). <P>
+
+Include your ncurses version and your OS/machine type, of course! You can
+find your ncurses version in the <CODE>curses.h</CODE> file.
+</OL>
+
+If your problem smells like a logic error or in cursor movement or
+scrolling or a bad capability, there are a couple of tiny test frames
+for the library algorithms in the progs directory that may help you
+isolate it. These are not part of the normal build, but do have their
+own make productions. <P>
+
+The most important of these is <CODE>mvcur</CODE>, a test frame for the
+cursor-movement optimization code. With this program, you can see
+directly what control sequences will be emitted for any given cursor
+movement or scroll/insert/delete operations. If you think you've got
+a bad capability identified, you can disable it and test again. The
+program is command-driven and has on-line help. <P>
+
+If you think the vertical-scroll optimization is broken, or just want to
+understand how it works better, build <CODE>hashmap</CODE> and read the
+header comments of <CODE>hardscroll.c</CODE> and <CODE>hashmap.c</CODE>; then try
+it out. You can also test the hardware-scrolling optimization separately
+with <CODE>hardscroll</CODE>. <P>
+
+There's one other interactive tester, <CODE>tctest</CODE>, that exercises
+translation between termcap and terminfo formats. If you have a serious
+need to run this, you probably belong on our development team!
+
+<H1><A NAME="ncurslib">A Tour of the Ncurses Library</A></H1>
+
+<H2><A NAME="loverview">Library Overview</A></H2>
+
+Most of the library is superstructure -- fairly trivial convenience
+interfaces to a small set of basic functions and data structures used
+to manipulate the virtual screen (in particular, none of this code
+does any I/O except through calls to more fundamental modules
+described below). The files
+<blockquote>
+<CODE>
+lib_addch.c
+lib_bkgd.c
+lib_box.c
+lib_chgat.c
+lib_clear.c
+lib_clearok.c
+lib_clrbot.c
+lib_clreol.c
+lib_colorset.c
+lib_data.c
+lib_delch.c
+lib_delwin.c
+lib_echo.c
+lib_erase.c
+lib_gen.c
+lib_getstr.c
+lib_hline.c
+lib_immedok.c
+lib_inchstr.c
+lib_insch.c
+lib_insdel.c
+lib_insstr.c
+lib_instr.c
+lib_isendwin.c
+lib_keyname.c
+lib_leaveok.c
+lib_move.c
+lib_mvwin.c
+lib_overlay.c
+lib_pad.c
+lib_printw.c
+lib_redrawln.c
+lib_scanw.c
+lib_screen.c
+lib_scroll.c
+lib_scrollok.c
+lib_scrreg.c
+lib_set_term.c
+lib_slk.c
+lib_slkatr_set.c
+lib_slkatrof.c
+lib_slkatron.c
+lib_slkatrset.c
+lib_slkattr.c
+lib_slkclear.c
+lib_slkcolor.c
+lib_slkinit.c
+lib_slklab.c
+lib_slkrefr.c
+lib_slkset.c
+lib_slktouch.c
+lib_touch.c
+lib_unctrl.c
+lib_vline.c
+lib_wattroff.c
+lib_wattron.c
+lib_window.c
+</CODE>
+</blockquote>
+are all in this category. They are very
+unlikely to need change, barring bugs or some fundamental
+reorganization in the underlying data structures. <P>
+
+These files are used only for debugging support:
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+lib_trace.c
+lib_traceatr.c
+lib_tracebits.c
+lib_tracechr.c
+lib_tracedmp.c
+lib_tracemse.c
+trace_buf.c
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+It is rather unlikely you will ever need to change these, unless
+you want to introduce a new debug trace level for some reasoon.<P>
+
+There is another group of files that do direct I/O via <EM>tputs()</EM>,
+computations on the terminal capabilities, or queries to the OS
+environment, but nevertheless have only fairly low complexity. These
+include:
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+lib_acs.c
+lib_beep.c
+lib_color.c
+lib_endwin.c
+lib_initscr.c
+lib_longname.c
+lib_newterm.c
+lib_options.c
+lib_termcap.c
+lib_ti.c
+lib_tparm.c
+lib_tputs.c
+lib_vidattr.c
+read_entry.c.
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+They are likely to need revision only if
+ncurses is being ported to an environment without an underlying
+terminfo capability representation. <P>
+
+These files
+have serious hooks into
+the tty driver and signal facilities:
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+lib_kernel.c
+lib_baudrate.c
+lib_raw.c
+lib_tstp.c
+lib_twait.c
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+If you run into porting snafus
+moving the package to another UNIX, the problem is likely to be in one
+of these files.
+The file <CODE>lib_print.c</CODE> uses sleep(2) and also
+falls in this category.<P>
+
+Almost all of the real work is done in the files
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+hardscroll.c
+hashmap.c
+lib_addch.c
+lib_doupdate.c
+lib_getch.c
+lib_mouse.c
+lib_mvcur.c
+lib_refresh.c
+lib_setup.c
+lib_vidattr.c
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+Most of the algorithmic complexity in the
+library lives in these files.
+If there is a real bug in <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> itself, it's probably here.
+We'll tour some of these files in detail
+below (see <A HREF="#engine">The Engine Room</A>). <P>
+
+Finally, there is a group of files that is actually most of the
+terminfo compiler. The reason this code lives in the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>
+library is to support fallback to /etc/termcap. These files include
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+alloc_entry.c
+captoinfo.c
+comp_captab.c
+comp_error.c
+comp_hash.c
+comp_parse.c
+comp_scan.c
+parse_entry.c
+read_termcap.c
+write_entry.c
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+We'll discuss these in the compiler tour.
+
+<H2><A NAME="engine">The Engine Room</A></H2>
+
+<H3><A NAME="input">Keyboard Input</A></H3>
+
+All <CODE>ncurses</CODE> input funnels through the function
+<CODE>wgetch()</CODE>, defined in <CODE>lib_getch.c</CODE>. This function is
+tricky; it has to poll for keyboard and mouse events and do a running
+match of incoming input against the set of defined special keys. <P>
+
+The central data structure in this module is a FIFO queue, used to
+match multiple-character input sequences against special-key
+capabilities; also to implement pushback via <CODE>ungetch()</CODE>. <P>
+
+The <CODE>wgetch()</CODE> code distinguishes between function key
+sequences and the same sequences typed manually by doing a timed wait
+after each input character that could lead a function key sequence.
+If the entire sequence takes less than 1 second, it is assumed to have
+been generated by a function key press. <P>
+
+Hackers bruised by previous encounters with variant <CODE>select(2)</CODE>
+calls may find the code in <CODE>lib_twait.c</CODE> interesting. It deals
+with the problem that some BSD selects don't return a reliable
+time-left value. The function <CODE>timed_wait()</CODE> effectively
+simulates a System V select.
+
+<H3><A NAME="mouse">Mouse Events</A></H3>
+
+If the mouse interface is active, <CODE>wgetch()</CODE> polls for mouse
+events each call, before it goes to the keyboard for input. It is
+up to <CODE>lib_mouse.c</CODE> how the polling is accomplished; it may vary
+for different devices. <P>
+
+Under xterm, however, mouse event notifications come in via the keyboard
+input stream. They are recognized by having the <STRONG>kmous</STRONG> capability
+as a prefix. This is kind of klugey, but trying to wire in recognition of
+a mouse key prefix without going through the function-key machinery would
+be just too painful, and this turns out to imply having the prefix somewhere
+in the function-key capabilities at terminal-type initialization. <P>
+
+This kluge only works because <STRONG>kmous</STRONG> isn't actually used by any
+historic terminal type or curses implementation we know of. Best
+guess is it's a relic of some forgotten experiment in-house at Bell
+Labs that didn't leave any traces in the publicly-distributed System V
+terminfo files. If System V or XPG4 ever gets serious about using it
+again, this kluge may have to change. <P>
+
+Here are some more details about mouse event handling: <P>
+
+The <CODE>lib_mouse()</CODE>code is logically split into a lower level that
+accepts event reports in a device-dependent format and an upper level that
+parses mouse gestures and filters events. The mediating data structure is a
+circular queue of event structures. <P>
+
+Functionally, the lower level's job is to pick up primitive events and
+put them on the circular queue. This can happen in one of two ways:
+either (a) <CODE>_nc_mouse_event()</CODE> detects a series of incoming
+mouse reports and queues them, or (b) code in <CODE>lib_getch.c</CODE> detects the
+<STRONG>kmous</STRONG> prefix in the keyboard input stream and calls _nc_mouse_inline
+to queue up a series of adjacent mouse reports. <P>
+
+In either case, <CODE>_nc_mouse_parse()</CODE> should be called after the
+series is accepted to parse the digested mouse reports (low-level
+events) into a gesture (a high-level or composite event).
+
+<H3><A NAME="output">Output and Screen Updating</A></H3>
+
+With the single exception of character echoes during a <CODE>wgetnstr()</CODE>
+call (which simulates cooked-mode line editing in an ncurses window),
+the library normally does all its output at refresh time. <P>
+
+The main job is to go from the current state of the screen (as represented
+in the <CODE>curscr</CODE> window structure) to the desired new state (as
+represented in the <CODE>newscr</CODE> window structure), while doing as
+little I/O as possible. <P>
+
+The brains of this operation are the modules <CODE>hashmap.c</CODE>,
+<CODE>hardscroll.c</CODE> and <CODE>lib_doupdate.c</CODE>; the latter two use
+<CODE>lib_mvcur.c</CODE>. Essentially, what happens looks like this: <P>
+
+The <CODE>hashmap.c</CODE> module tries to detect vertical motion
+changes between the real and virtual screens. This information
+is represented by the oldindex members in the newscr structure.
+These are modified by vertical-motion and clear operations, and both are
+re-initialized after each update. To this change-journalling
+information, the hashmap code adds deductions made using a modified Heckel
+algorithm on hash values generated from the line contents. <P>
+
+The <CODE>hardscroll.c</CODE> module computes an optimum set of scroll,
+insertion, and deletion operations to make the indices match. It calls
+<CODE>_nc_mvcur_scrolln()</CODE> in <CODE>lib_mvcur.c</CODE> to do those motions. <P>
+
+Then <CODE>lib_doupdate.c</CODE> goes to work. Its job is to do line-by-line
+transformations of <CODE>curscr</CODE> lines to <CODE>newscr</CODE> lines. Its main
+tool is the routine <CODE>mvcur()</CODE> in <CODE>lib_mvcur.c</CODE>. This routine
+does cursor-movement optimization, attempting to get from given screen
+location A to given location B in the fewest output characters posible. <P>
+
+If you want to work on screen optimizations, you should use the fact
+that (in the trace-enabled version of the library) enabling the
+<CODE>TRACE_TIMES</CODE> trace level causes a report to be emitted after
+each screen update giving the elapsed time and a count of characters
+emitted during the update. You can use this to tell when an update
+optimization improves efficiency. <P>
+
+In the trace-enabled version of the library, it is also possible to disable
+and re-enable various optimizations at runtime by tweaking the variable
+<CODE>_nc_optimize_enable</CODE>. See the file <CODE>include/curses.h.in</CODE>
+for mask values, near the end.
+
+<H1><A NAME="fmnote">The Forms and Menu Libraries</A></H1>
+
+The forms and menu libraries should work reliably in any environment you
+can port ncurses to. The only portability issue anywhere in them is what
+flavor of regular expressions the built-in form field type TYPE_REGEXP
+will recognize. <P>
+
+The configuration code prefers the POSIX regex facility, modeled on
+System V's, but will settle for BSD regexps if the former isn't available. <P>
+
+Historical note: the panels code was written primarily to assist in
+porting u386mon 2.0 (comp.sources.misc v14i001-4) to systems lacking
+panels support; u386mon 2.10 and beyond use it. This version has been
+slightly cleaned up for <CODE>ncurses</CODE>.
+
+<H1><A NAME="tic">A Tour of the Terminfo Compiler</A></H1>
+
+The <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> implementation of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> is rather complex
+internally; it has to do a trying combination of missions. This starts
+with the fact that, in addition to its normal duty of compiling
+terminfo sources into loadable terminfo binaries, it has to be able to
+handle termcap syntax and compile that too into terminfo entries. <P>
+
+The implementation therefore starts with a table-driven, dual-mode
+lexical analyzer (in <CODE>comp_scan.c</CODE>). The lexer chooses its
+mode (termcap or terminfo) based on the first `,' or `:' it finds in
+each entry. The lexer does all the work of recognizing capability
+names and values; the grammar above it is trivial, just "parse entries
+till you run out of file".
+
+<H2><A NAME="nonuse">Translation of Non-<STRONG>use</STRONG> Capabilities</A></H2>
+
+Translation of most things besides <STRONG>use</STRONG> capabilities is pretty
+straightforward. The lexical analyzer's tokenizer hands each capability
+name to a hash function, which drives a table lookup. The table entry
+yields an index which is used to look up the token type in another table,
+and controls interpretation of the value. <P>
+
+One possibly interesting aspect of the implementation is the way the
+compiler tables are initialized. All the tables are generated by various
+awk/sed/sh scripts from a master table <CODE>include/Caps</CODE>; these
+scripts actually write C initializers which are linked to the compiler.
+Furthermore, the hash table is generated in the same way, so it doesn't
+have to be generated at compiler startup time (another benefit of this
+organization is that the hash table can be in shareable text space). <P>
+
+Thus, adding a new capability is usually pretty trivial, just a matter
+of adding one line to the <CODE>include/Caps</CODE> file. We'll have more
+to say about this in the section on <A HREF="#translation">Source-Form
+Translation</A>.
+
+<H2><A NAME="uses">Use Capability Resolution</A></H2>
+
+The background problem that makes <STRONG>tic</STRONG> tricky isn't the capability
+translation itself, it's the resolution of <STRONG>use</STRONG> capabilities. Older
+versions would not handle forward <STRONG>use</STRONG> references for this reason
+(that is, a using terminal always had to follow its use target in the
+source file). By doing this, they got away with a simple implementation
+tactic; compile everything as it blows by, then resolve uses from compiled
+entries. <P>
+
+This won't do for <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG>. The problem is that that the whole
+compilation process has to be embeddable in the <STRONG>ncurses</STRONG> library
+so that it can be called by the startup code to translate termcap
+entries on the fly. The embedded version can't go promiscuously writing
+everything it translates out to disk -- for one thing, it will typically
+be running with non-root permissions. <P>
+
+So our <STRONG>tic</STRONG> is designed to parse an entire terminfo file into a
+doubly-linked circular list of entry structures in-core, and then do
+<STRONG>use</STRONG> resolution in-memory before writing everything out. This
+design has other advantages: it makes forward and back use-references
+equally easy (so we get the latter for free), and it makes checking for
+name collisions before they're written out easy to do. <P>
+
+And this is exactly how the embedded version works. But the stand-alone
+user-accessible version of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> partly reverts to the historical
+strategy; it writes to disk (not keeping in core) any entry with no
+<STRONG>use</STRONG> references. <P>
+
+This is strictly a core-economy kluge, implemented because the
+terminfo master file is large enough that some core-poor systems swap
+like crazy when you compile it all in memory...there have been reports of
+this process taking <STRONG>three hours</STRONG>, rather than the twenty seconds
+or less typical on the author's development box. <P>
+
+So. The executable <STRONG>tic</STRONG> passes the entry-parser a hook that
+<EM>immediately</EM> writes out the referenced entry if it has no use
+capabilities. The compiler main loop refrains from adding the entry
+to the in-core list when this hook fires. If some other entry later
+needs to reference an entry that got written immediately, that's OK;
+the resolution code will fetch it off disk when it can't find it in
+core. <P>
+
+Name collisions will still be detected, just not as cleanly. The
+<CODE>write_entry()</CODE> code complains before overwriting an entry that
+postdates the time of <STRONG>tic</STRONG>'s first call to
+<CODE>write_entry()</CODE>, Thus it will complain about overwriting
+entries newly made during the <STRONG>tic</STRONG> run, but not about
+overwriting ones that predate it.
+
+<H2><A NAME="translation">Source-Form Translation</A></H2>
+
+Another use of <STRONG>tic</STRONG> is to do source translation between various termcap
+and terminfo formats. There are more variants out there than you might
+think; the ones we know about are described in the <STRONG>captoinfo(1)</STRONG>
+manual page. <P>
+
+The translation output code (<CODE>dump_entry()</CODE> in
+<CODE>ncurses/dump_entry.c</CODE>) is shared with the <STRONG>infocmp(1)</STRONG>
+utility. It takes the same internal representation used to generate
+the binary form and dumps it to standard output in a specified
+format. <P>
+
+The <CODE>include/Caps</CODE> file has a header comment describing ways you
+can specify source translations for nonstandard capabilities just by
+altering the master table. It's possible to set up capability aliasing
+or tell the compiler to plain ignore a given capability without writing
+any C code at all. <P>
+
+For circumstances where you need to do algorithmic translation, there
+are functions in <CODE>parse_entry.c</CODE> called after the parse of each
+entry that are specifically intended to encapsulate such
+translations. This, for example, is where the AIX <STRONG>box1</STRONG> capability
+get translated to an <STRONG>acsc</STRONG> string.
+
+<H1><A NAME="utils">Other Utilities</A></H1>
+
+The <STRONG>infocmp</STRONG> utility is just a wrapper around the same
+entry-dumping code used by <STRONG>tic</STRONG> for source translation. Perhaps
+the one interesting aspect of the code is the use of a predicate
+function passed in to <CODE>dump_entry()</CODE> to control which
+capabilities are dumped. This is necessary in order to handle both
+the ordinary De-compilation case and entry difference reporting. <P>
+
+The <STRONG>tput</STRONG> and <STRONG>clear</STRONG> utilities just do an entry load
+followed by a <CODE>tputs()</CODE> of a selected capability.
+
+<H1><A NAME="style">Style Tips for Developers</A></H1>
+
+See the TO-DO file in the top-level directory of the source distribution
+for additions that would be particularly useful. <P>
+
+The prefix <CODE>_nc_</CODE> should be used on library public functions that are
+not part of the curses API in order to prevent pollution of the
+application namespace.
+
+If you have to add to or modify the function prototypes in curses.h.in,
+read ncurses/MKlib_gen.sh first so you can avoid breaking XSI conformance.
+
+Please join the ncurses mailing list. See the INSTALL file in the
+top level of the distribution for details on the list. <P>
+
+Look for the string <CODE>FIXME</CODE> in source files to tag minor bugs
+and potential problems that could use fixing. <P>
+
+Don't try to auto-detect OS features in the main body of the C code.
+That's the job of the configuration system. <P>
+
+To hold down complexity, do make your code data-driven. Especially,
+if you can drive logic from a table filtered out of
+<CODE>include/Caps</CODE>, do it. If you find you need to augment the
+data in that file in order to generate the proper table, that's still
+preferable to ad-hoc code -- that's why the fifth field (flags) is
+there. <P>
+
+Have fun!
+
+<H1><A NAME="port">Porting Hints</A></H1>
+
+The following notes are intended to be a first step towards DOS and Macintosh
+ports of the ncurses libraries. <P>
+
+The following library modules are `pure curses'; they operate only on
+the curses internal structures, do all output through other curses
+calls (not including <CODE>tputs()</CODE> and <CODE>putp()</CODE>) and do not
+call any other UNIX routines such as signal(2) or the stdio library.
+Thus, they should not need to be modified for single-terminal
+ports.
+
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+lib_addch.c
+lib_addstr.c
+lib_bkgd.c
+lib_box.c
+lib_clear.c
+lib_clrbot.c
+lib_clreol.c
+lib_delch.c
+lib_delwin.c
+lib_erase.c
+lib_inchstr.c
+lib_insch.c
+lib_insdel.c
+lib_insstr.c
+lib_keyname.c
+lib_move.c
+lib_mvwin.c
+lib_newwin.c
+lib_overlay.c
+lib_pad.c
+lib_printw.c
+lib_refresh.c
+lib_scanw.c
+lib_scroll.c
+lib_scrreg.c
+lib_set_term.c
+lib_touch.c
+lib_tparm.c
+lib_tputs.c
+lib_unctrl.c
+lib_window.c
+panel.c
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+<P>
+
+This module is pure curses, but calls outstr():
+
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+lib_getstr.c
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+<P>
+
+These modules are pure curses, except that they use <CODE>tputs()</CODE>
+and <CODE>putp()</CODE>:
+
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+lib_beep.c
+lib_color.c
+lib_endwin.c
+lib_options.c
+lib_slk.c
+lib_vidattr.c
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+<P>
+
+This modules assist in POSIX emulation on non-POSIX systems:
+<DL>
+<DT> sigaction.c
+<DD> signal calls
+</DL>
+
+The following source files will not be needed for a
+single-terminal-type port.
+
+<blockquote>
+<code>
+alloc_entry.c
+captoinfo.c
+clear.c
+comp_captab.c
+comp_error.c
+comp_hash.c
+comp_main.c
+comp_parse.c
+comp_scan.c
+dump_entry.c
+infocmp.c
+parse_entry.c
+read_entry.c
+tput.c
+write_entry.c
+</code>
+</blockquote>
+<P>
+
+The following modules will use open()/read()/write()/close()/lseek() on files,
+but no other OS calls.
+
+<DL>
+<DT>lib_screen.c
+<DD>used to read/write screen dumps
+<DT>lib_trace.c
+<DD>used to write trace data to the logfile
+</DL>
+
+Modules that would have to be modified for a port start here: <P>
+
+The following modules are `pure curses' but contain assumptions inappropriate
+for a memory-mapped port.
+
+<dl>
+<dt>lib_longname.c<dd>assumes there may be multiple terminals
+<dt>lib_acs.c<dd>assumes acs_map as a double indirection
+<dt>lib_mvcur.c<dd>assumes cursor moves have variable cost
+<dt>lib_termcap.c<dd>assumes there may be multiple terminals
+<dt>lib_ti.c<dd>assumes there may be multiple terminals
+</dl>
+
+The following modules use UNIX-specific calls:
+
+<dl>
+<dt>lib_doupdate.c<dd>input checking
+<dt>lib_getch.c<dd>read()
+<dt>lib_initscr.c<dd>getenv()
+<dt>lib_newterm.c
+<dt>lib_baudrate.c
+<dt>lib_kernel.c<dd>various tty-manipulation and system calls
+<dt>lib_raw.c<dd>various tty-manipulation calls
+<dt>lib_setup.c<dd>various tty-manipulation calls
+<dt>lib_restart.c<dd>various tty-manipulation calls
+<dt>lib_tstp.c<dd>signal-manipulation calls
+<dt>lib_twait.c<dd>gettimeofday(), select().
+</dl>
+
+<HR>
+<ADDRESS>Eric S. Raymond &lt;esr@snark.thyrsus.com&gt;</ADDRESS>
+(Note: This is <EM>not</EM> the <A HREF="#bugtrack">bug address</A>!)
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
diff --git a/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/ncurses-intro.html b/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/ncurses-intro.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05c756e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/ncurses/doc/html/ncurses-intro.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2686 @@
+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//EN">
+<!--
+ $Id: ncurses-intro.html,v 1.34 2000/06/11 00:03:55 tom Exp $
+-->
+<HTML>
+<HEAD>
+<TITLE>Writing Programs with NCURSES</TITLE>
+<link rev="made" href="mailto:bugs-ncurses@gnu.org">
+</HEAD>
+<BODY>
+
+<H1>Writing Programs with NCURSES</H1>
+
+<BLOCKQUOTE>
+by Eric S. Raymond and Zeyd M. Ben-Halim<BR>
+updates since release 1.9.9e by Thomas Dickey
+</BLOCKQUOTE>
+
+<H1>Contents</H1>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#introduction">Introduction</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#history">A Brief History of Curses</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#scope">Scope of This Document</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#terminology">Terminology</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#curses">The Curses Library</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#overview">An Overview of Curses</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#compiling">Compiling Programs using Curses</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#updating">Updating the Screen</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#stdscr">Standard Windows and Function Naming Conventions</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#variables">Variables</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#using">Using the Library</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#starting">Starting up</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#output">Output</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#input">Input</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#formschars">Using Forms Characters</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#attributes">Character Attributes and Color</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#mouse">Mouse Interfacing</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#finishing">Finishing Up</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#functions">Function Descriptions</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#init">Initialization and Wrapup</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#flush">Causing Output to the Terminal</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#lowlevel">Low-Level Capability Access</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#debugging">Debugging</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#hints">Hints, Tips, and Tricks</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#caution">Some Notes of Caution</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#leaving">Temporarily Leaving ncurses Mode</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#xterm">Using <CODE>ncurses</CODE> under <CODE>xterm</CODE></A>
+<LI><A HREF="#screens">Handling Multiple Terminal Screens</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#testing">Testing for Terminal Capabilities</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#tuning">Tuning for Speed</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#special">Special Features of <CODE>ncurses</CODE></A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#compat">Compatibility with Older Versions</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#refbug">Refresh of Overlapping Windows</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#backbug">Background Erase</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#xsifuncs">XSI Curses Conformance</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#panels">The Panels Library</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#pcompile">Compiling With the Panels Library</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#poverview">Overview of Panels</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#pstdscr">Panels, Input, and the Standard Screen</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#hiding">Hiding Panels</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#pmisc">Miscellaneous Other Facilities</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#menu">The Menu Library</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#mcompile">Compiling with the menu Library</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#moverview">Overview of Menus</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#mselect">Selecting items</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#mdisplay">Menu Display</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#mwindows">Menu Windows</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#minput">Processing Menu Input</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#mmisc">Miscellaneous Other Features</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#form">The Forms Library</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#fcompile">Compiling with the forms Library</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#foverview">Overview of Forms</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fcreate">Creating and Freeing Fields and Forms</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fattributes">Fetching and Changing Field Attributes</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#fsizes">Fetching Size and Location Data</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#flocation">Changing the Field Location</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fjust">The Justification Attribute</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fdispatts">Field Display Attributes</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#foptions">Field Option Bits</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fstatus">Field Status</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fuser">Field User Pointer</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#fdynamic">Variable-Sized Fields</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fvalidation">Field Validation</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#ftype_alpha">TYPE_ALPHA</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#ftype_alnum">TYPE_ALNUM</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#ftype_enum">TYPE_ENUM</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#ftype_integer">TYPE_INTEGER</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#ftype_numeric">TYPE_NUMERIC</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#ftype_regexp">TYPE_REGEXP</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#fbuffer">Direct Field Buffer Manipulation</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#formattrs">Attributes of Forms</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fdisplay">Control of Form Display</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fdriver">Input Processing in the Forms Driver</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#fpage">Page Navigation Requests</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#ffield">Inter-Field Navigation Requests</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fifield">Intra-Field Navigation Requests</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fscroll">Scrolling Requests</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fedit">Field Editing Requests</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#forder">Order Requests</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fappcmds">Application Commands</A>
+</UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#fhooks">Field Change Hooks</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#ffocus">Field Change Commands</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#frmoptions">Form Options</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fcustom">Custom Validation Types</A>
+<UL>
+<LI><A HREF="#flinktypes">Union Types</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fnewtypes">New Field Types</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fcheckargs">Validation Function Arguments</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fcustorder">Order Functions For Custom Types</A>
+<LI><A HREF="#fcustprobs">Avoiding Problems</A>
+</UL>
+</UL>
+</UL>
+
+<HR>
+<H1><A NAME="introduction">Introduction</A></H1>
+
+This document is an introduction to programming with <CODE>curses</CODE>. It is
+not an exhaustive reference for the curses Application Programming Interface
+(API); that role is filled by the <CODE>curses</CODE> manual pages. Rather, it
+is intended to help C programmers ease into using the package. <P>
+
+This document is aimed at C applications programmers not yet specifically
+familiar with ncurses. If you are already an experienced <CODE>curses</CODE>
+programmer, you should nevertheless read the sections on
+<A HREF="#mouse">Mouse Interfacing</A>, <A HREF="#debugging">Debugging</A>,
+<A HREF="#compat">Compatibility with Older Versions</A>,
+and <A HREF="#hints">Hints, Tips, and Tricks</A>. These will bring you up
+to speed on the special features and quirks of the <CODE>ncurses</CODE>
+implementation. If you are not so experienced, keep reading. <P>
+
+The <CODE>curses</CODE> package is a subroutine library for
+terminal-independent screen-painting and input-event handling which
+presents a high level screen model to the programmer, hiding differences
+between terminal types and doing automatic optimization of output to change
+one screen full of text into another. <CODE>Curses</CODE> uses terminfo, which
+is a database format that can describe the capabilities of thousands of
+different terminals. <P>
+
+The <CODE>curses</CODE> API may seem something of an archaism on UNIX desktops
+increasingly dominated by X, Motif, and Tcl/Tk. Nevertheless, UNIX still
+supports tty lines and X supports <EM>xterm(1)</EM>; the <CODE>curses</CODE>
+API has the advantage of (a) back-portability to character-cell terminals,
+and (b) simplicity. For an application that does not require bit-mapped
+graphics and multiple fonts, an interface implementation using <CODE>curses</CODE>
+will typically be a great deal simpler and less expensive than one using an
+X toolkit.
+
+<H2><A NAME="history">A Brief History of Curses</A></H2>
+
+Historically, the first ancestor of <CODE>curses</CODE> was the routines written to
+provide screen-handling for the game <CODE>rogue</CODE>; these used the
+already-existing <CODE>termcap</CODE> database facility for describing terminal
+capabilities. These routines were abstracted into a documented library and
+first released with the early BSD UNIX versions. <P>
+
+System III UNIX from Bell Labs featured a rewritten and much-improved
+<CODE>curses</CODE> library. It introduced the terminfo format. Terminfo is based
+on Berkeley's termcap database, but contains a number of improvements and
+extensions. Parameterized capabilities strings were introduced, making it
+possible to describe multiple video attributes, and colors and to handle far
+more unusual terminals than possible with termcap. In the later AT&amp;T
+System V releases, <CODE>curses</CODE> evolved to use more facilities and offer
+more capabilities, going far beyond BSD curses in power and flexibility.
+
+<H2><A NAME="scope">Scope of This Document</A></H2>
+
+This document describes <CODE>ncurses</CODE>, a free implementation of
+the System V <CODE>curses</CODE> API with some clearly marked extensions.
+It includes the following System V curses features:
+<UL>
+<LI>Support for multiple screen highlights (BSD curses could only
+handle one `standout' highlight, usually reverse-video).
+<LI>Support for line- and box-drawing using forms characters.
+<LI>Recognition of function keys on input.
+<LI>Color support.
+<LI>Support for pads (windows of larger than screen size on which the
+screen or a subwindow defines a viewport).
+</UL>
+
+Also, this package makes use of the insert and delete line and character
+features of terminals so equipped, and determines how to optimally use these
+features with no help from the programmer. It allows arbitrary combinations of
+video attributes to be displayed, even on terminals that leave ``magic
+cookies'' on the screen to mark changes in attributes. <P>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> package can also capture and use event reports from a
+mouse in some environments (notably, xterm under the X window system). This
+document includes tips for using the mouse. <P>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> package was originated by Pavel Curtis. The original
+maintainer of this package is
+<A HREF="mailto:zmbenhal@netcom.com">Zeyd Ben-Halim</A>
+&lt;zmbenhal@netcom.com&gt;.
+<A HREF="mailto:esr@snark.thyrsus.com">Eric S. Raymond</A>
+&lt;esr@snark.thyrsus.com&gt;
+wrote many of the new features in versions after 1.8.1
+and wrote most of this introduction.
+<A HREF="mailto:juergen.pfeifer@gmx.net">J&uuml;rgen Pfeifer</A>
+wrote all of the menu and forms code as well as the
+<A HREF="http://www.adahome.com">Ada95</A> binding.
+Ongoing work is being done by
+<A HREF="mailto:dickey@herndon4.his.com">Thomas Dickey</A>
+and
+<A HREF="mailto:juergen.pfeifer@gmx.net">J&uuml;rgen Pfeifer</A>.
+<A HREF="mailto:florian@gnu.org">Florian La Roche</A>
+acts as the maintainer for the Free Software Foundation, which holds the
+copyright on ncurses.
+Contact the current maintainers at
+<A HREF="mailto:bug-ncurses@gnu.org">bug-ncurses@gnu.org</A>.
+<P>
+
+This document also describes the <A HREF="#panels">panels</A> extension library,
+similarly modeled on the SVr4 panels facility. This library allows you to
+associate backing store with each of a stack or deck of overlapping windows,
+and provides operations for moving windows around in the stack that change
+their visibility in the natural way (handling window overlaps). <P>
+
+Finally, this document describes in detail the <A HREF="#menu">menus</A> and <A
+HREF="#form">forms</A> extension libraries, also cloned from System V,
+which support easy construction and sequences of menus and fill-in
+forms.
+
+
+<H2><A NAME="terminology">Terminology</A></H2>
+
+In this document, the following terminology is used with reasonable
+consistency:
+
+<DL>
+<DT> window
+<DD>
+A data structure describing a sub-rectangle of the screen (possibly the
+entire screen). You can write to a window as though it were a miniature
+screen, scrolling independently of other windows on the physical screen.
+<DT> screens
+<DD>
+A subset of windows which are as large as the terminal screen, i.e., they start
+at the upper left hand corner and encompass the lower right hand corner. One
+of these, <CODE>stdscr</CODE>, is automatically provided for the programmer.
+<DT> terminal screen
+<DD>
+The package's idea of what the terminal display currently looks like, i.e.,
+what the user sees now. This is a special screen.
+</DL>
+
+<H1><A NAME="curses">The Curses Library</A></H1>
+
+<H2><A NAME="overview">An Overview of Curses</A></H2>
+
+<H3><A NAME="compiling">Compiling Programs using Curses</A></H3>
+
+In order to use the library, it is necessary to have certain types and
+variables defined. Therefore, the programmer must have a line:
+
+<PRE>
+ #include &lt;curses.h&gt;
+</PRE>
+
+at the top of the program source. The screen package uses the Standard I/O
+library, so <CODE>&lt;curses.h&gt;</CODE> includes
+<CODE>&lt;stdio.h&gt;</CODE>. <CODE>&lt;curses.h&gt;</CODE> also includes
+<CODE>&lt;termios.h&gt;</CODE>, <CODE>&lt;termio.h&gt;</CODE>, or
+<CODE>&lt;sgtty.h&gt;</CODE> depending on your system. It is redundant (but
+harmless) for the programmer to do these includes, too. In linking with
+<CODE>curses</CODE> you need to have <CODE>-lncurses</CODE> in your LDFLAGS or on the
+command line. There is no need for any other libraries.
+
+<H3><A NAME="updating">Updating the Screen</A></H3>
+
+In order to update the screen optimally, it is necessary for the routines to
+know what the screen currently looks like and what the programmer wants it to
+look like next. For this purpose, a data type (structure) named WINDOW is
+defined which describes a window image to the routines, including its starting
+position on the screen (the (y, x) coordinates of the upper left hand corner)
+and its size. One of these (called <CODE>curscr</CODE>, for current screen) is a
+screen image of what the terminal currently looks like. Another screen (called
+<CODE>stdscr</CODE>, for standard screen) is provided by default to make changes
+on. <P>
+
+A window is a purely internal representation. It is used to build and store a
+potential image of a portion of the terminal. It doesn't bear any necessary
+relation to what is really on the terminal screen; it's more like a
+scratchpad or write buffer. <P>
+
+To make the section of physical screen corresponding to a window reflect the
+contents of the window structure, the routine <CODE>refresh()</CODE> (or
+<CODE>wrefresh()</CODE> if the window is not <CODE>stdscr</CODE>) is called. <P>
+
+A given physical screen section may be within the scope of any number of
+overlapping windows. Also, changes can be made to windows in any order,
+without regard to motion efficiency. Then, at will, the programmer can
+effectively say ``make it look like this,'' and let the package implementation
+determine the most efficient way to repaint the screen.
+
+<H3><A NAME="stdscr">Standard Windows and Function Naming Conventions</A></H3>
+
+As hinted above, the routines can use several windows, but two are
+automatically given: <CODE>curscr</CODE>, which knows what the terminal looks like,
+and <CODE>stdscr</CODE>, which is what the programmer wants the terminal to look
+like next. The user should never actually access <CODE>curscr</CODE> directly.
+Changes should be made to through the API, and then the routine
+<CODE>refresh()</CODE> (or <CODE>wrefresh()</CODE>) called. <P>
+
+Many functions are defined to use <CODE>stdscr</CODE> as a default screen. For
+example, to add a character to <CODE>stdscr</CODE>, one calls <CODE>addch()</CODE> with
+the desired character as argument. To write to a different window. use the
+routine <CODE>waddch()</CODE> (for `w'indow-specific addch()) is provided. This
+convention of prepending function names with a `w' when they are to be
+applied to specific windows is consistent. The only routines which do not
+follow it are those for which a window must always be specified. <P>
+
+In order to move the current (y, x) coordinates from one point to another, the
+routines <CODE>move()</CODE> and <CODE>wmove()</CODE> are provided. However, it is
+often desirable to first move and then perform some I/O operation. In order to
+avoid clumsiness, most I/O routines can be preceded by the prefix 'mv' and
+the desired (y, x) coordinates prepended to the arguments to the function. For
+example, the calls
+
+<PRE>
+ move(y, x);
+ addch(ch);
+</PRE>
+
+can be replaced by
+
+<PRE>
+ mvaddch(y, x, ch);
+</PRE>
+
+and
+
+<PRE>
+ wmove(win, y, x);
+ waddch(win, ch);
+</PRE>
+
+can be replaced by
+
+<PRE>
+ mvwaddch(win, y, x, ch);
+</PRE>
+
+Note that the window description pointer (win) comes before the added (y, x)
+coordinates. If a function requires a window pointer, it is always the first
+parameter passed.
+
+<H3><A NAME="variables">Variables</A></H3>
+
+The <CODE>curses</CODE> library sets some variables describing the terminal
+capabilities.
+
+<PRE>
+ type name description
+ ------------------------------------------------------------------
+ int LINES number of lines on the terminal
+ int COLS number of columns on the terminal
+</PRE>
+
+The <CODE>curses.h</CODE> also introduces some <CODE>#define</CODE> constants and types
+of general usefulness:
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>bool</CODE>
+<DD> boolean type, actually a `char' (e.g., <CODE>bool doneit;</CODE>)
+<DT> <CODE>TRUE</CODE>
+<DD> boolean `true' flag (1).
+<DT> <CODE>FALSE</CODE>
+<DD> boolean `false' flag (0).
+<DT> <CODE>ERR</CODE>
+<DD> error flag returned by routines on a failure (-1).
+<DT> <CODE>OK</CODE>
+<DD> error flag returned by routines when things go right.
+</DL>
+
+<H2><A NAME="using">Using the Library</A></H2>
+
+Now we describe how to actually use the screen package. In it, we assume all
+updating, reading, etc. is applied to <CODE>stdscr</CODE>. These instructions will
+work on any window, providing you change the function names and parameters as
+mentioned above. <P>
+
+Here is a sample program to motivate the discussion:
+
+<PRE>
+#include &lt;curses.h&gt;
+#include &lt;signal.h&gt;
+
+static void finish(int sig);
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+ int num = 0;
+
+ /* initialize your non-curses data structures here */
+
+ (void) signal(SIGINT, finish); /* arrange interrupts to terminate */
+
+ (void) initscr(); /* initialize the curses library */
+ keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* enable keyboard mapping */
+ (void) nonl(); /* tell curses not to do NL-&gt;CR/NL on output */
+ (void) cbreak(); /* take input chars one at a time, no wait for \n */
+ (void) echo(); /* echo input - in color */
+
+ if (has_colors())
+ {
+ start_color();
+
+ /*
+ * Simple color assignment, often all we need. Color pair 0 cannot
+ * be redefined. This example uses the same value for the color
+ * pair as for the foreground color, though of course that is not
+ * necessary:
+ */
+ init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK);
+ init_pair(2, COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK);
+ init_pair(3, COLOR_YELLOW, COLOR_BLACK);
+ init_pair(4, COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_BLACK);
+ init_pair(5, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK);
+ init_pair(6, COLOR_MAGENTA, COLOR_BLACK);
+ init_pair(7, COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLACK);
+ }
+
+ for (;;)
+ {
+ int c = getch(); /* refresh, accept single keystroke of input */
+ attrset(COLOR_PAIR(num % 8));
+ num++;
+
+ /* process the command keystroke */
+ }
+
+ finish(0); /* we're done */
+}
+
+static void finish(int sig)
+{
+ endwin();
+
+ /* do your non-curses wrapup here */
+
+ exit(0);
+}
+</PRE>
+
+<H3><A NAME="starting">Starting up</A></H3>
+
+In order to use the screen package, the routines must know about terminal
+characteristics, and the space for <CODE>curscr</CODE> and <CODE>stdscr</CODE> must be
+allocated. These function <CODE>initscr()</CODE> does both these things. Since it
+must allocate space for the windows, it can overflow memory when attempting to
+do so. On the rare occasions this happens, <CODE>initscr()</CODE> will terminate
+the program with an error message. <CODE>initscr()</CODE> must always be called
+before any of the routines which affect windows are used. If it is not, the
+program will core dump as soon as either <CODE>curscr</CODE> or <CODE>stdscr</CODE> are
+referenced. However, it is usually best to wait to call it until after you are
+sure you will need it, like after checking for startup errors. Terminal status
+changing routines like <CODE>nl()</CODE> and <CODE>cbreak()</CODE> should be called
+after <CODE>initscr()</CODE>. <P>
+
+Once the screen windows have been allocated, you can set them up for
+your program. If you want to, say, allow a screen to scroll, use
+<CODE>scrollok()</CODE>. If you want the cursor to be left in place after
+the last change, use <CODE>leaveok()</CODE>. If this isn't done,
+<CODE>refresh()</CODE> will move the cursor to the window's current (y, x)
+coordinates after updating it. <P>
+
+You can create new windows of your own using the functions <CODE>newwin()</CODE>,
+<CODE>derwin()</CODE>, and <CODE>subwin()</CODE>. The routine <CODE>delwin()</CODE> will
+allow you to get rid of old windows. All the options described above can be
+applied to any window.
+
+<H3><A NAME="output">Output</A></H3>
+
+Now that we have set things up, we will want to actually update the terminal.
+The basic functions used to change what will go on a window are
+<CODE>addch()</CODE> and <CODE>move()</CODE>. <CODE>addch()</CODE> adds a character at the
+current (y, x) coordinates. <CODE>move()</CODE> changes the current (y, x)
+coordinates to whatever you want them to be. It returns <CODE>ERR</CODE> if you
+try to move off the window. As mentioned above, you can combine the two into
+<CODE>mvaddch()</CODE> to do both things at once. <P>
+
+The other output functions, such as <CODE>addstr()</CODE> and <CODE>printw()</CODE>,
+all call <CODE>addch()</CODE> to add characters to the window. <P>
+
+After you have put on the window what you want there, when you want the portion
+of the terminal covered by the window to be made to look like it, you must call
+<CODE>refresh()</CODE>. In order to optimize finding changes, <CODE>refresh()</CODE>
+assumes that any part of the window not changed since the last
+<CODE>refresh()</CODE> of that window has not been changed on the terminal, i.e.,
+that you have not refreshed a portion of the terminal with an overlapping
+window. If this is not the case, the routine <CODE>touchwin()</CODE> is provided
+to make it look like the entire window has been changed, thus making
+<CODE>refresh()</CODE> check the whole subsection of the terminal for changes. <P>
+
+If you call <CODE>wrefresh()</CODE> with <CODE>curscr</CODE> as its argument, it will
+make the screen look like <CODE>curscr</CODE> thinks it looks like. This is useful
+for implementing a command which would redraw the screen in case it get messed
+up.
+
+<H3><A NAME="input">Input</A></H3>
+
+The complementary function to <CODE>addch()</CODE> is <CODE>getch()</CODE> which, if
+echo is set, will call <CODE>addch()</CODE> to echo the character. Since the
+screen package needs to know what is on the terminal at all times, if
+characters are to be echoed, the tty must be in raw or cbreak mode. Since
+initially the terminal has echoing enabled and is in ordinary ``cooked'' mode,
+one or the other has to changed before calling <CODE>getch()</CODE>; otherwise,
+the program's output will be unpredictable. <P>
+
+When you need to accept line-oriented input in a window, the functions
+<CODE>wgetstr()</CODE> and friends are available. There is even a <CODE>wscanw()</CODE>
+function that can do <CODE>scanf()</CODE>(3)-style multi-field parsing on window
+input. These pseudo-line-oriented functions turn on echoing while they
+execute. <P>
+
+The example code above uses the call <CODE>keypad(stdscr, TRUE)</CODE> to enable
+support for function-key mapping. With this feature, the <CODE>getch()</CODE> code
+watches the input stream for character sequences that correspond to arrow and
+function keys. These sequences are returned as pseudo-character values. The
+<CODE>#define</CODE> values returned are listed in the <CODE>curses.h</CODE> The
+mapping from sequences to <CODE>#define</CODE> values is determined by
+<CODE>key_</CODE> capabilities in the terminal's terminfo entry.
+
+<H3><A NAME="formschars">Using Forms Characters</A></H3>
+
+The <CODE>addch()</CODE> function (and some others, including <CODE>box()</CODE> and
+<CODE>border()</CODE>) can accept some pseudo-character arguments which are specially
+defined by <CODE>ncurses</CODE>. These are <CODE>#define</CODE> values set up in
+the <CODE>curses.h</CODE> header; see there for a complete list (look for
+the prefix <CODE>ACS_</CODE>). <P>
+
+The most useful of the ACS defines are the forms-drawing characters. You can
+use these to draw boxes and simple graphs on the screen. If the terminal
+does not have such characters, <CODE>curses.h</CODE> will map them to a
+recognizable (though ugly) set of ASCII defaults.
+
+<H3><A NAME="attributes">Character Attributes and Color</A></H3>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> package supports screen highlights including standout,
+reverse-video, underline, and blink. It also supports color, which is treated
+as another kind of highlight. <P>
+
+Highlights are encoded, internally, as high bits of the pseudo-character type
+(<CODE>chtype</CODE>) that <CODE>curses.h</CODE> uses to represent the contents of a
+screen cell. See the <CODE>curses.h</CODE> header file for a complete list of
+highlight mask values (look for the prefix <CODE>A_</CODE>).<P>
+
+There are two ways to make highlights. One is to logical-or the value of the
+highlights you want into the character argument of an <CODE>addch()</CODE> call,
+or any other output call that takes a <CODE>chtype</CODE> argument. <P>
+
+The other is to set the current-highlight value. This is logical-or'ed with
+any highlight you specify the first way. You do this with the functions
+<CODE>attron()</CODE>, <CODE>attroff()</CODE>, and <CODE>attrset()</CODE>; see the manual
+pages for details.
+
+Color is a special kind of highlight. The package actually thinks in terms
+of color pairs, combinations of foreground and background colors. The sample
+code above sets up eight color pairs, all of the guaranteed-available colors
+on black. Note that each color pair is, in effect, given the name of its
+foreground color. Any other range of eight non-conflicting values could
+have been used as the first arguments of the <CODE>init_pair()</CODE> values. <P>
+
+Once you've done an <CODE>init_pair()</CODE> that creates color-pair N, you can
+use <CODE>COLOR_PAIR(N)</CODE> as a highlight that invokes that particular
+color combination. Note that <CODE>COLOR_PAIR(N)</CODE>, for constant N,
+is itself a compile-time constant and can be used in initializers.
+
+<H3><A NAME="mouse">Mouse Interfacing</A></H3>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> library also provides a mouse interface.
+<!-- The 'note' tag is not portable enough -->
+<blockquote>
+<strong>NOTE:</strong> this facility is specific to <CODE>ncurses</CODE>, it is not part of either
+the XSI Curses standard, nor of System V Release 4, nor BSD curses.
+System V Release 4 curses contains code with similar interface definitions,
+however it is not documented. Other than by disassembling the library, we
+have no way to determine exactly how that mouse code works.
+Thus, we recommend that you wrap mouse-related code in an #ifdef using the
+feature macro NCURSES_MOUSE_VERSION so it will not be compiled and linked
+on non-ncurses systems.
+</blockquote>
+
+Presently, mouse event reporting works in the following environments:
+<ul>
+<li>xterm and similar programs such as rxvt.
+<li>Linux console, when configured with <CODE>gpm</CODE>(1), Alessandro
+Rubini's mouse server.
+<li>OS/2 EMX
+</ul>
+<P>
+The mouse interface is very simple. To activate it, you use the function
+<CODE>mousemask()</CODE>, passing it as first argument a bit-mask that specifies
+what kinds of events you want your program to be able to see. It will
+return the bit-mask of events that actually become visible, which may differ
+from the argument if the mouse device is not capable of reporting some of
+the event types you specify. <P>
+
+Once the mouse is active, your application's command loop should watch
+for a return value of <CODE>KEY_MOUSE</CODE> from <CODE>wgetch()</CODE>. When
+you see this, a mouse event report has been queued. To pick it off
+the queue, use the function <CODE>getmouse()</CODE> (you must do this before
+the next <CODE>wgetch()</CODE>, otherwise another mouse event might come
+in and make the first one inaccessible). <P>
+
+Each call to <CODE>getmouse()</CODE> fills a structure (the address of which you'll
+pass it) with mouse event data. The event data includes zero-origin,
+screen-relative character-cell coordinates of the mouse pointer. It also
+includes an event mask. Bits in this mask will be set, corresponding
+to the event type being reported. <P>
+
+The mouse structure contains two additional fields which may be
+significant in the future as ncurses interfaces to new kinds of
+pointing device. In addition to x and y coordinates, there is a slot
+for a z coordinate; this might be useful with touch-screens that can
+return a pressure or duration parameter. There is also a device ID
+field, which could be used to distinguish between multiple pointing
+devices. <P>
+
+The class of visible events may be changed at any time via <CODE>mousemask()</CODE>.
+Events that can be reported include presses, releases, single-, double- and
+triple-clicks (you can set the maximum button-down time for clicks). If
+you don't make clicks visible, they will be reported as press-release
+pairs. In some environments, the event mask may include bits reporting
+the state of shift, alt, and ctrl keys on the keyboard during the event. <P>
+
+A function to check whether a mouse event fell within a given window is
+also supplied. You can use this to see whether a given window should
+consider a mouse event relevant to it. <P>
+
+Because mouse event reporting will not be available in all
+environments, it would be unwise to build <CODE>ncurses</CODE>
+applications that <EM>require</EM> the use of a mouse. Rather, you should
+use the mouse as a shortcut for point-and-shoot commands your application
+would normally accept from the keyboard. Two of the test games in the
+<CODE>ncurses</CODE> distribution (<CODE>bs</CODE> and <CODE>knight</CODE>) contain
+code that illustrates how this can be done. <P>
+
+See the manual page <CODE>curs_mouse(3X)</CODE> for full details of the
+mouse-interface functions.
+
+<H3><A NAME="finishing">Finishing Up</A></H3>
+
+In order to clean up after the <CODE>ncurses</CODE> routines, the routine
+<CODE>endwin()</CODE> is provided. It restores tty modes to what they were when
+<CODE>initscr()</CODE> was first called, and moves the cursor down to the
+lower-left corner. Thus, anytime after the call to initscr, <CODE>endwin()</CODE>
+should be called before exiting.
+
+<H2><A NAME="functions">Function Descriptions</A></H2>
+
+We describe the detailed behavior of some important curses functions here, as a
+supplement to the manual page descriptions.
+
+<H3><A NAME="init">Initialization and Wrapup</A></H3>
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>initscr()</CODE>
+<DD> The first function called should almost always be <CODE>initscr()</CODE>.
+This will determine the terminal type and
+initialize curses data structures. <CODE>initscr()</CODE> also arranges that
+the first call to <CODE>refresh()</CODE> will clear the screen. If an error
+occurs a message is written to standard error and the program
+exits. Otherwise it returns a pointer to stdscr. A few functions may be
+called before initscr (<CODE>slk_init()</CODE>, <CODE>filter()</CODE>,
+<CODE>ripofflines()</CODE>, <CODE>use_env()</CODE>, and, if you are using multiple
+terminals, <CODE>newterm()</CODE>.)
+<DT> <CODE>endwin()</CODE>
+<DD> Your program should always call <CODE>endwin()</CODE> before exiting or
+shelling out of the program. This function will restore tty modes,
+move the cursor to the lower left corner of the screen, reset the
+terminal into the proper non-visual mode. Calling <CODE>refresh()</CODE>
+or <CODE>doupdate()</CODE> after a temporary escape from the program will
+restore the ncurses screen from before the escape.
+<DT> <CODE>newterm(type, ofp, ifp)</CODE>
+<DD> A program which outputs to more than one terminal should use
+<CODE>newterm()</CODE> instead of <CODE>initscr()</CODE>. <CODE>newterm()</CODE> should
+be called once for each terminal. It returns a variable of type
+<CODE>SCREEN *</CODE> which should be saved as a reference to that
+terminal. The arguments are the type of the terminal (a string) and
+<CODE>FILE</CODE> pointers for the output and input of the terminal. If
+type is NULL then the environment variable <CODE>$TERM</CODE> is used.
+<CODE>endwin()</CODE> should called once at wrapup time for each terminal
+opened using this function.
+<DT> <CODE>set_term(new)</CODE>
+<DD> This function is used to switch to a different terminal previously
+opened by <CODE>newterm()</CODE>. The screen reference for the new terminal
+is passed as the parameter. The previous terminal is returned by the
+function. All other calls affect only the current terminal.
+<DT> <CODE>delscreen(sp)</CODE>
+<DD> The inverse of <CODE>newterm()</CODE>; deallocates the data structures
+associated with a given <CODE>SCREEN</CODE> reference.
+</DL>
+
+<H3><A NAME="flush">Causing Output to the Terminal</A></H3>
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>refresh()</CODE> and <CODE>wrefresh(win)</CODE>
+<DD> These functions must be called to actually get any output on
+the terminal, as other routines merely manipulate data
+structures. <CODE>wrefresh()</CODE> copies the named window to the physical
+terminal screen, taking into account what is already
+there in order to do optimizations. <CODE>refresh()</CODE> does a
+refresh of <CODE>stdscr()</CODE>. Unless <CODE>leaveok()</CODE> has been
+enabled, the physical cursor of the terminal is left at the
+location of the window's cursor.
+<DT> <CODE>doupdate()</CODE> and <CODE>wnoutrefresh(win)</CODE>
+<DD> These two functions allow multiple updates with more efficiency
+than wrefresh. To use them, it is important to understand how curses
+works. In addition to all the window structures, curses keeps two
+data structures representing the terminal screen: a physical screen,
+describing what is actually on the screen, and a virtual screen,
+describing what the programmer wants to have on the screen. wrefresh
+works by first copying the named window to the virtual screen
+(<CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE>), and then calling the routine to update the
+screen (<CODE>doupdate()</CODE>). If the programmer wishes to output
+several windows at once, a series of calls to <CODE>wrefresh</CODE> will result
+in alternating calls to <CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE> and <CODE>doupdate()</CODE>,
+causing several bursts of output to the screen. By calling
+<CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE> for each window, it is then possible to call
+<CODE>doupdate()</CODE> once, resulting in only one burst of output, with
+fewer total characters transmitted (this also avoids a visually annoying
+flicker at each update).
+</DL>
+
+<H3><A NAME="lowlevel">Low-Level Capability Access</A></H3>
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>setupterm(term, filenum, errret)</CODE>
+<DD> This routine is called to initialize a terminal's description, without setting
+up the curses screen structures or changing the tty-driver mode bits.
+<CODE>term</CODE> is the character string representing the name of the terminal
+being used. <CODE>filenum</CODE> is the UNIX file descriptor of the terminal to
+be used for output. <CODE>errret</CODE> is a pointer to an integer, in which a
+success or failure indication is returned. The values returned can be 1 (all
+is well), 0 (no such terminal), or -1 (some problem locating the terminfo
+database). <P>
+
+The value of <CODE>term</CODE> can be given as NULL, which will cause the value of
+<CODE>TERM</CODE> in the environment to be used. The <CODE>errret</CODE> pointer can
+also be given as NULL, meaning no error code is wanted. If <CODE>errret</CODE> is
+defaulted, and something goes wrong, <CODE>setupterm()</CODE> will print an
+appropriate error message and exit, rather than returning. Thus, a simple
+program can call setupterm(0, 1, 0) and not worry about initialization
+errors. <P>
+
+After the call to <CODE>setupterm()</CODE>, the global variable <CODE>cur_term</CODE> is
+set to point to the current structure of terminal capabilities. By calling
+<CODE>setupterm()</CODE> for each terminal, and saving and restoring
+<CODE>cur_term</CODE>, it is possible for a program to use two or more terminals at
+once. <CODE>Setupterm()</CODE> also stores the names section of the terminal
+description in the global character array <CODE>ttytype[]</CODE>. Subsequent calls
+to <CODE>setupterm()</CODE> will overwrite this array, so you'll have to save it
+yourself if need be.
+</DL>
+
+<H3><A NAME="debugging">Debugging</A></H3>
+
+<!-- The 'note' tag is not portable enough -->
+<blockquote>
+<strong>NOTE:</strong> These functions are not part of the standard curses API!
+</blockquote>
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>trace()</CODE>
+<DD>
+This function can be used to explicitly set a trace level. If the
+trace level is nonzero, execution of your program will generate a file
+called `trace' in the current working directory containing a report on
+the library's actions. Higher trace levels enable more detailed (and
+verbose) reporting -- see comments attached to <CODE>TRACE_</CODE> defines
+in the <CODE>curses.h</CODE> file for details. (It is also possible to set
+a trace level by assigning a trace level value to the environment variable
+<CODE>NCURSES_TRACE</CODE>).
+<DT> <CODE>_tracef()</CODE>
+<DD>
+This function can be used to output your own debugging information. It is only
+available only if you link with -lncurses_g. It can be used the same way as
+<CODE>printf()</CODE>, only it outputs a newline after the end of arguments.
+The output goes to a file called <CODE>trace</CODE> in the current directory.
+</DL>
+
+Trace logs can be difficult to interpret due to the sheer volume of
+data dumped in them. There is a script called <STRONG>tracemunch</STRONG>
+included with the <CODE>ncurses</CODE> distribution that can alleviate
+this problem somewhat; it compacts long sequences of similar operations into
+more succinct single-line pseudo-operations. These pseudo-ops can be
+distinguished by the fact that they are named in capital letters.
+
+<H2><A NAME="hints">Hints, Tips, and Tricks</A></H2>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> manual pages are a complete reference for this library.
+In the remainder of this document, we discuss various useful methods that
+may not be obvious from the manual page descriptions.
+
+<H3><A NAME="caution">Some Notes of Caution</A></H3>
+
+If you find yourself thinking you need to use <CODE>noraw()</CODE> or
+<CODE>nocbreak()</CODE>, think again and move carefully. It's probably
+better design to use <CODE>getstr()</CODE> or one of its relatives to
+simulate cooked mode. The <CODE>noraw()</CODE> and <CODE>nocbreak()</CODE>
+functions try to restore cooked mode, but they may end up clobbering
+some control bits set before you started your application. Also, they
+have always been poorly documented, and are likely to hurt your
+application's usability with other curses libraries. <P>
+
+Bear in mind that <CODE>refresh()</CODE> is a synonym for <CODE>wrefresh(stdscr)</CODE>.
+Don't try to mix use of <CODE>stdscr</CODE> with use of windows declared
+by <CODE>newwin()</CODE>; a <CODE>refresh()</CODE> call will blow them off the
+screen. The right way to handle this is to use <CODE>subwin()</CODE>, or
+not touch <CODE>stdscr</CODE> at all and tile your screen with declared
+windows which you then <CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE> somewhere in your program
+event loop, with a single <CODE>doupdate()</CODE> call to trigger actual
+repainting. <P>
+
+You are much less likely to run into problems if you design your screen
+layouts to use tiled rather than overlapping windows. Historically,
+curses support for overlapping windows has been weak, fragile, and poorly
+documented. The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> library is not yet an exception to this
+rule. <P>
+
+There is a panels library included in the <CODE>ncurses</CODE>
+distribution that does a pretty good job of strengthening the
+overlapping-windows facilities. <P>
+
+Try to avoid using the global variables LINES and COLS. Use
+<CODE>getmaxyx()</CODE> on the <CODE>stdscr</CODE> context instead. Reason:
+your code may be ported to run in an environment with window resizes,
+in which case several screens could be open with different sizes.
+
+<H3><A NAME="leaving">Temporarily Leaving NCURSES Mode</A></H3>
+
+Sometimes you will want to write a program that spends most of its time in
+screen mode, but occasionally returns to ordinary `cooked' mode. A common
+reason for this is to support shell-out. This behavior is simple to arrange
+in <CODE>ncurses</CODE>. <P>
+
+To leave <CODE>ncurses</CODE> mode, call <CODE>endwin()</CODE> as you would if you
+were intending to terminate the program. This will take the screen back to
+cooked mode; you can do your shell-out. When you want to return to
+<CODE>ncurses</CODE> mode, simply call <CODE>refresh()</CODE> or <CODE>doupdate()</CODE>.
+This will repaint the screen. <P>
+
+There is a boolean function, <CODE>isendwin()</CODE>, which code can use to
+test whether <CODE>ncurses</CODE> screen mode is active. It returns <CODE>TRUE</CODE>
+in the interval between an <CODE>endwin()</CODE> call and the following
+<CODE>refresh()</CODE>, <CODE>FALSE</CODE> otherwise. <P>
+
+Here is some sample code for shellout:
+
+<PRE>
+ addstr("Shelling out...");
+ def_prog_mode(); /* save current tty modes */
+ endwin(); /* restore original tty modes */
+ system("sh"); /* run shell */
+ addstr("returned.\n"); /* prepare return message */
+ refresh(); /* restore save modes, repaint screen */
+</PRE>
+
+<H3><A NAME="xterm">Using NCURSES under XTERM</A></H3>
+
+A resize operation in X sends SIGWINCH to the application running under xterm.
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> library provides an experimental signal
+handler, but in general does not catch this signal, because it cannot
+know how you want the screen re-painted. You will usually have to write the
+SIGWINCH handler yourself. Ncurses can give you some help. <P>
+
+The easiest way to code your SIGWINCH handler is to have it do an
+<CODE>endwin</CODE>, followed by an <CODE>refresh</CODE> and a screen repaint you code
+yourself. The <CODE>refresh</CODE> will pick up the new screen size from the
+xterm's environment. <P>
+
+That is the standard way, of course (it even works with some vendor's curses
+implementations).
+Its drawback is that it clears the screen to reinitialize the display, and does
+not resize subwindows which must be shrunk.
+<CODE>Ncurses</CODE> provides an extension which works better, the
+<CODE>resizeterm</CODE> function. That function ensures that all windows
+are limited to the new screen dimensions, and pads <CODE>stdscr</CODE>
+with blanks if the screen is larger. <P>
+
+Finally, ncurses can be configured to provide its own SIGWINCH handler,
+based on <CODE>resizeterm</CODE>.
+
+<H3><A NAME="screens">Handling Multiple Terminal Screens</A></H3>
+
+The <CODE>initscr()</CODE> function actually calls a function named
+<CODE>newterm()</CODE> to do most of its work. If you are writing a program that
+opens multiple terminals, use <CODE>newterm()</CODE> directly. <P>
+
+For each call, you will have to specify a terminal type and a pair of file
+pointers; each call will return a screen reference, and <CODE>stdscr</CODE> will be
+set to the last one allocated. You will switch between screens with the
+<CODE>set_term</CODE> call. Note that you will also have to call
+<CODE>def_shell_mode</CODE> and <CODE>def_prog_mode</CODE> on each tty yourself.
+
+<H3><A NAME="testing">Testing for Terminal Capabilities</A></H3>
+
+Sometimes you may want to write programs that test for the presence of various
+capabilities before deciding whether to go into <CODE>ncurses</CODE> mode. An easy
+way to do this is to call <CODE>setupterm()</CODE>, then use the functions
+<CODE>tigetflag()</CODE>, <CODE>tigetnum()</CODE>, and <CODE>tigetstr()</CODE> to do your
+testing. <P>
+
+A particularly useful case of this often comes up when you want to
+test whether a given terminal type should be treated as `smart'
+(cursor-addressable) or `stupid'. The right way to test this is to see
+if the return value of <CODE>tigetstr("cup")</CODE> is non-NULL. Alternatively,
+you can include the <CODE>term.h</CODE> file and test the value of the
+macro <CODE>cursor_address</CODE>.
+
+<H3><A NAME="tuning">Tuning for Speed</A></H3>
+
+Use the <CODE>addchstr()</CODE> family of functions for fast
+screen-painting of text when you know the text doesn't contain any
+control characters. Try to make attribute changes infrequent on your
+screens. Don't use the <CODE>immedok()</CODE> option!
+
+<H3><A NAME="special">Special Features of NCURSES</A></H3>
+
+The <CODE>wresize()</CODE> function allows you to resize a window in place.
+The associated <CODE>resizeterm()</CODE> function simplifies the construction
+of <a HREF="#xterm">SIGWINCH</a> handlers, for resizing all windows. <P>
+
+The <CODE>define_key()</CODE> function allows you
+to define at runtime function-key control sequences which are not in the
+terminal description.
+The <CODE>keyok()</CODE> function allows you to temporarily
+enable or disable interpretation of any function-key control sequence. <P>
+
+The <CODE>use_default_colors()</CODE> function allows you to construct
+applications which can use the terminal's default foreground and
+background colors as an additional "default" color.
+Several terminal emulators support this feature, which is based on ISO 6429. <P>
+
+Ncurses supports up 16 colors, unlike SVr4 curses which defines only 8.
+While most terminals which provide color allow only 8 colors, about
+a quarter (including XFree86 xterm) support 16 colors.
+
+<H2><A NAME="compat">Compatibility with Older Versions</A></H2>
+
+Despite our best efforts, there are some differences between <CODE>ncurses</CODE>
+and the (undocumented!) behavior of older curses implementations. These arise
+from ambiguities or omissions in the documentation of the API.
+
+<H3><A NAME="refbug">Refresh of Overlapping Windows</A></H3>
+
+If you define two windows A and B that overlap, and then alternately scribble
+on and refresh them, the changes made to the overlapping region under historic
+<CODE>curses</CODE> versions were often not documented precisely. <P>
+
+To understand why this is a problem, remember that screen updates are
+calculated between two representations of the <EM>entire</EM> display. The
+documentation says that when you refresh a window, it is first copied to to the
+virtual screen, and then changes are calculated to update the physical screen
+(and applied to the terminal). But "copied to" is not very specific, and
+subtle differences in how copying works can produce different behaviors in the
+case where two overlapping windows are each being refreshed at unpredictable
+intervals. <P>
+
+What happens to the overlapping region depends on what <CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE>
+does with its argument -- what portions of the argument window it copies to the
+virtual screen. Some implementations do "change copy", copying down only
+locations in the window that have changed (or been marked changed with
+<CODE>wtouchln()</CODE> and friends). Some implementations do "entire copy",
+copying <EM>all</EM> window locations to the virtual screen whether or not
+they have changed. <P>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> library itself has not always been consistent on this
+score. Due to a bug, versions 1.8.7 to 1.9.8a did entire copy. Versions
+1.8.6 and older, and versions 1.9.9 and newer, do change copy. <P>
+
+For most commercial curses implementations, it is not documented and not known
+for sure (at least not to the <CODE>ncurses</CODE> maintainers) whether they do
+change copy or entire copy. We know that System V release 3 curses has logic
+in it that looks like an attempt to do change copy, but the surrounding logic
+and data representations are sufficiently complex, and our knowledge
+sufficiently indirect, that it's hard to know whether this is reliable.
+
+It is not clear what the SVr4 documentation and XSI standard intend. The XSI
+Curses standard barely mentions wnoutrefresh(); the SVr4 documents seem to be
+describing entire-copy, but it is possible with some effort and straining to
+read them the other way. <P>
+
+It might therefore be unwise to rely on either behavior in programs that might
+have to be linked with other curses implementations. Instead, you can do an
+explicit <CODE>touchwin()</CODE> before the <CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE> call to
+guarantee an entire-contents copy anywhere. <P>
+
+The really clean way to handle this is to use the panels library. If,
+when you want a screen update, you do <CODE>update_panels()</CODE>, it will
+do all the necessary <CODE>wnoutrfresh()</CODE> calls for whatever panel
+stacking order you have defined. Then you can do one <CODE>doupdate()</CODE>
+and there will be a <EM>single</EM> burst of physical I/O that will do
+all your updates.
+
+<H3><A NAME="backbug">Background Erase</A></H3>
+
+If you have been using a very old versions of <CODE>ncurses</CODE> (1.8.7 or
+older) you may be surprised by the behavior of the erase functions. In older
+versions, erased areas of a window were filled with a blank modified by the
+window's current attribute (as set by <STRONG>wattrset()</STRONG>, <STRONG>wattron()</STRONG>,
+<STRONG>wattroff()</STRONG> and friends). <P>
+
+In newer versions, this is not so. Instead, the attribute of erased blanks
+is normal unless and until it is modified by the functions <CODE>bkgdset()</CODE>
+or <CODE>wbkgdset()</CODE>. <P>
+
+This change in behavior conforms <CODE>ncurses</CODE> to System V Release 4 and
+the XSI Curses standard.
+
+<H2><A NAME="xsifuncs">XSI Curses Conformance</A></H2>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> library is intended to be base-level conformant with the
+XSI Curses standard from X/Open. Many extended-level features (in fact, almost
+all features not directly concerned with wide characters and
+internationalization) are also supported. <P>
+
+One effect of XSI conformance is the change in behavior described under
+<A HREF="#backbug">"Background Erase -- Compatibility with Old Versions"</A>. <P>
+
+Also, <CODE>ncurses</CODE> meets the XSI requirement that every macro
+entry point have a corresponding function which may be linked (and
+will be prototype-checked) if the macro definition is disabled with
+<CODE>#undef</CODE>.
+
+<H1><A NAME="panels">The Panels Library</A></H1>
+
+The <CODE>ncurses</CODE> library by itself provides good support for screen
+displays in which the windows are tiled (non-overlapping). In the more
+general case that windows may overlap, you have to use a series of
+<CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE> calls followed by a <CODE>doupdate()</CODE>, and be
+careful about the order you do the window refreshes in. It has to be
+bottom-upwards, otherwise parts of windows that should be obscured will
+show through. <P>
+
+When your interface design is such that windows may dive deeper into the
+visibility stack or pop to the top at runtime, the resulting book-keeping
+can be tedious and difficult to get right. Hence the panels library. <P>
+
+The <CODE>panel</CODE> library first appeared in AT&amp;T System V. The
+version documented here is the <CODE>panel</CODE> code distributed
+with <CODE>ncurses</CODE>.
+
+<H2><A NAME="pcompile">Compiling With the Panels Library</A></H2>
+
+Your panels-using modules must import the panels library declarations with
+
+<PRE>
+ #include &lt;panel.h&gt;
+</PRE>
+
+and must be linked explicitly with the panels library using an
+<CODE>-lpanel</CODE> argument. Note that they must also link the
+<CODE>ncurses</CODE> library with <CODE>-lncurses</CODE>. Many linkers
+are two-pass and will accept either order, but it is still good practice
+to put <CODE>-lpanel</CODE> first and <CODE>-lncurses</CODE> second.
+
+<H2><A NAME="poverview">Overview of Panels</A></H2>
+
+A panel object is a window that is implicitly treated as part of a
+<DFN>deck</DFN> including all other panel objects. The deck has an implicit
+bottom-to-top visibility order. The panels library includes an update
+function (analogous to <CODE>refresh()</CODE>) that displays all panels in the
+deck in the proper order to resolve overlaps. The standard window,
+<CODE>stdscr</CODE>, is considered below all panels. <P>
+
+Details on the panels functions are available in the man pages. We'll just
+hit the highlights here. <P>
+
+You create a panel from a window by calling <CODE>new_panel()</CODE> on a
+window pointer. It then becomes the top of the deck. The panel's window
+is available as the value of <CODE>panel_window()</CODE> called with the
+panel pointer as argument.<P>
+
+You can delete a panel (removing it from the deck) with <CODE>del_panel</CODE>.
+This will not deallocate the associated window; you have to do that yourself.
+
+You can replace a panel's window with a different window by calling
+<CODE>replace_window</CODE>. The new window may be of different size;
+the panel code will re-compute all overlaps. This operation doesn't
+change the panel's position in the deck. <P>
+
+To move a panel's window, use <CODE>move_panel()</CODE>. The
+<CODE>mvwin()</CODE> function on the panel's window isn't sufficient because it
+doesn't update the panels library's representation of where the windows are.
+This operation leaves the panel's depth, contents, and size unchanged. <P>
+
+Two functions (<CODE>top_panel()</CODE>, <CODE>bottom_panel()</CODE>) are
+provided for rearranging the deck. The first pops its argument window to the
+top of the deck; the second sends it to the bottom. Either operation leaves
+the panel's screen location, contents, and size unchanged. <P>
+
+The function <CODE>update_panels()</CODE> does all the
+<CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE> calls needed to prepare for
+<CODE>doupdate()</CODE> (which you must call yourself, afterwards). <P>
+
+Typically, you will want to call <CODE>update_panels()</CODE> and
+<CODE>doupdate()</CODE> just before accepting command input, once in each cycle
+of interaction with the user. If you call <CODE>update_panels()</CODE> after
+each and every panel write, you'll generate a lot of unnecessary refresh
+activity and screen flicker.
+
+<H2><A NAME="pstdscr">Panels, Input, and the Standard Screen</A></H2>
+
+You shouldn't mix <CODE>wnoutrefresh()</CODE> or <CODE>wrefresh()</CODE>
+operations with panels code; this will work only if the argument window
+is either in the top panel or unobscured by any other panels. <P>
+
+The <CODE>stsdcr</CODE> window is a special case. It is considered below all
+panels. Because changes to panels may obscure parts of <CODE>stdscr</CODE>,
+though, you should call <CODE>update_panels()</CODE> before
+<CODE>doupdate()</CODE> even when you only change <CODE>stdscr</CODE>. <P>
+
+Note that <CODE>wgetch</CODE> automatically calls <CODE>wrefresh</CODE>.
+Therefore, before requesting input from a panel window, you need to be sure
+that the panel is totally unobscured. <P>
+
+There is presently no way to display changes to one obscured panel without
+repainting all panels.
+
+<H2><A NAME="hiding">Hiding Panels</A></H2>
+
+It's possible to remove a panel from the deck temporarily; use
+<CODE>hide_panel</CODE> for this. Use <CODE>show_panel()</CODE> to render it
+visible again. The predicate function <CODE>panel_hidden</CODE>
+tests whether or not a panel is hidden. <P>
+
+The <CODE>panel_update</CODE> code ignores hidden panels. You cannot do
+<CODE>top_panel()</CODE> or <CODE>bottom_panel</CODE> on a hidden panel().
+Other panels operations are applicable.
+
+<H2><A NAME="pmisc">Miscellaneous Other Facilities</A></H2>
+
+It's possible to navigate the deck using the functions
+<CODE>panel_above()</CODE> and <CODE>panel_below</CODE>. Handed a panel
+pointer, they return the panel above or below that panel. Handed
+<CODE>NULL</CODE>, they return the bottom-most or top-most panel. <P>
+
+Every panel has an associated user pointer, not used by the panel code, to
+which you can attach application data. See the man page documentation
+of <CODE>set_panel_userptr()</CODE> and <CODE>panel_userptr</CODE> for
+details.
+
+<H1><A NAME="menu">The Menu Library</A></H1>
+
+A menu is a screen display that assists the user to choose some subset
+of a given set of items. The <CODE>menu</CODE> library is a curses
+extension that supports easy programming of menu hierarchies with a
+uniform but flexible interface. <P>
+
+The <CODE>menu</CODE> library first appeared in AT&amp;T System V. The
+version documented here is the <CODE>menu</CODE> code distributed
+with <CODE>ncurses</CODE>.
+
+<H2><A NAME="mcompile">Compiling With the menu Library</A></H2>
+
+Your menu-using modules must import the menu library declarations with
+
+<PRE>
+ #include &lt;menu.h&gt;
+</PRE>
+
+and must be linked explicitly with the menus library using an
+<CODE>-lmenu</CODE> argument. Note that they must also link the
+<CODE>ncurses</CODE> library with <CODE>-lncurses</CODE>. Many linkers
+are two-pass and will accept either order, but it is still good practice
+to put <CODE>-lmenu</CODE> first and <CODE>-lncurses</CODE> second.
+
+<H2><A NAME="moverview">Overview of Menus</A></H2>
+
+The menus created by this library consist of collections of
+<DFN>items</DFN> including a name string part and a description string
+part. To make menus, you create groups of these items and connect
+them with menu frame objects. <P>
+
+The menu can then by <DFN>posted</DFN>, that is written to an
+associated window. Actually, each menu has two associated windows; a
+containing window in which the programmer can scribble titles or
+borders, and a subwindow in which the menu items proper are displayed.
+If this subwindow is too small to display all the items, it will be a
+scrollable viewport on the collection of items. <P>
+
+A menu may also be <DFN>unposted</DFN> (that is, undisplayed), and finally
+freed to make the storage associated with it and its items available for
+re-use. <P>
+
+The general flow of control of a menu program looks like this:
+
+<OL>
+<LI>Initialize <CODE>curses</CODE>.
+<LI>Create the menu items, using <CODE>new_item()</CODE>.
+<LI>Create the menu using <CODE>new_menu()</CODE>.
+<LI>Post the menu using <CODE>menu_post()</CODE>.
+<LI>Refresh the screen.
+<LI>Process user requests via an input loop.
+<LI>Unpost the menu using <CODE>menu_unpost()</CODE>.
+<LI>Free the menu, using <CODE>free_menu()</CODE>.
+<LI>Free the items using <CODE>free_item()</CODE>.
+<LI>Terminate <CODE>curses</CODE>.
+</OL>
+
+<H2><A NAME="mselect">Selecting items</A></H2>
+
+Menus may be multi-valued or (the default) single-valued (see the manual
+page <CODE>menu_opts(3x)</CODE> to see how to change the default).
+Both types always have a <DFN>current item</DFN>. <P>
+
+From a single-valued menu you can read the selected value simply by looking
+at the current item. From a multi-valued menu, you get the selected set
+by looping through the items applying the <CODE>item_value()</CODE>
+predicate function. Your menu-processing code can use the function
+<CODE>set_item_value()</CODE> to flag the items in the select set. <P>
+
+Menu items can be made unselectable using <CODE>set_item_opts()</CODE>
+or <CODE>item_opts_off()</CODE> with the <CODE>O_SELECTABLE</CODE>
+argument. This is the only option so far defined for menus, but it
+is good practice to code as though other option bits might be on.
+
+<H2><A NAME="mdisplay">Menu Display</A></H2>
+
+The menu library calculates a minimum display size for your window, based
+on the following variables:
+
+<UL>
+<LI>The number and maximum length of the menu items
+<LI>Whether the O_ROWMAJOR option is enabled
+<LI>Whether display of descriptions is enabled
+<LI>Whatever menu format may have been set by the programmer
+<LI>The length of the menu mark string used for highlighting selected items
+</UL>
+
+The function <CODE>set_menu_format()</CODE> allows you to set the
+maximum size of the viewport or <DFN>menu page</DFN> that will be used
+to display menu items. You can retrieve any format associated with a
+menu with <CODE>menu_format()</CODE>. The default format is rows=16,
+columns=1. <P>
+
+The actual menu page may be smaller than the format size. This depends
+on the item number and size and whether O_ROWMAJOR is on. This option
+(on by default) causes menu items to be displayed in a `raster-scan'
+pattern, so that if more than one item will fit horizontally the first
+couple of items are side-by-side in the top row. The alternative is
+column-major display, which tries to put the first several items in
+the first column. <P>
+
+As mentioned above, a menu format not large enough to allow all items to fit
+on-screen will result in a menu display that is vertically scrollable. <P>
+You can scroll it with requests to the menu driver, which will be described
+in the section on <A HREF="#minput">menu input handling</A>. <P>
+
+Each menu has a <DFN>mark string</DFN> used to visually tag selected items;
+see the <CODE>menu_mark(3x)</CODE> manual page for details. The mark
+string length also influences the menu page size. <P>
+
+The function <CODE>scale_menu()</CODE> returns the minimum display size
+that the menu code computes from all these factors.
+
+There are other menu display attributes including a select attribute,
+an attribute for selectable items, an attribute for unselectable items,
+and a pad character used to separate item name text from description
+text. These have reasonable defaults which the library allows you to
+change (see the <CODE>menu_attribs(3x)</CODE> manual page.
+
+<H2><A NAME="mwindows">Menu Windows</A></H2>
+
+Each menu has, as mentioned previously, a pair of associated windows.
+Both these windows are painted when the menu is posted and erased when
+the menu is unposted. <P>
+
+The outer or frame window is not otherwise touched by the menu
+routines. It exists so the programmer can associate a title, a
+border, or perhaps help text with the menu and have it properly
+refreshed or erased at post/unpost time. The inner window or
+<DFN>subwindow</DFN> is where the current menu page is displayed. <P>
+
+By default, both windows are <CODE>stdscr</CODE>. You can set them with the
+functions in <CODE>menu_win(3x)</CODE>. <P>
+
+When you call <CODE>menu_post()</CODE>, you write the menu to its
+subwindow. When you call <CODE>menu_unpost()</CODE>, you erase the
+subwindow, However, neither of these actually modifies the screen. To
+do that, call <CODE>wrefresh()</CODE> or some equivalent.
+
+<H2><A NAME="minput">Processing Menu Input</A></H2>
+
+The main loop of your menu-processing code should call
+<CODE>menu_driver()</CODE> repeatedly. The first argument of this routine
+is a menu pointer; the second is a menu command code. You should write an
+input-fetching routine that maps input characters to menu command codes, and
+pass its output to <CODE>menu_driver()</CODE>. The menu command codes are
+fully documented in <CODE>menu_driver(3x)</CODE>. <P>
+
+The simplest group of command codes is <CODE>REQ_NEXT_ITEM</CODE>,
+<CODE>REQ_PREV_ITEM</CODE>, <CODE>REQ_FIRST_ITEM</CODE>,
+<CODE>REQ_LAST_ITEM</CODE>, <CODE>REQ_UP_ITEM</CODE>,
+<CODE>REQ_DOWN_ITEM</CODE>, <CODE>REQ_LEFT_ITEM</CODE>,
+<CODE>REQ_RIGHT_ITEM</CODE>. These change the currently selected
+item. These requests may cause scrolling of the menu page if it only
+partially displayed. <P>
+
+There are explicit requests for scrolling which also change the
+current item (because the select location does not change, but the
+item there does). These are <CODE>REQ_SCR_DLINE</CODE>,
+<CODE>REQ_SCR_ULINE</CODE>, <CODE>REQ_SCR_DPAGE</CODE>, and
+<CODE>REQ_SCR_UPAGE</CODE>. <P>
+
+The <CODE>REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM</CODE> selects or deselects the current item.
+It is for use in multi-valued menus; if you use it with <CODE>O_ONEVALUE</CODE>
+on, you'll get an error return (<CODE>E_REQUEST_DENIED</CODE>). <P>
+
+Each menu has an associated pattern buffer. The
+<CODE>menu_driver()</CODE> logic tries to accumulate printable ASCII
+characters passed in in that buffer; when it matches a prefix of an
+item name, that item (or the next matching item) is selected. If
+appending a character yields no new match, that character is deleted
+from the pattern buffer, and <CODE>menu_driver()</CODE> returns
+<CODE>E_NO_MATCH</CODE>. <P>
+
+Some requests change the pattern buffer directly:
+<CODE>REQ_CLEAR_PATTERN</CODE>, <CODE>REQ_BACK_PATTERN</CODE>,
+<CODE>REQ_NEXT_MATCH</CODE>, <CODE>REQ_PREV_MATCH</CODE>. The latter
+two are useful when pattern buffer input matches more than one item
+in a multi-valued menu. <P>
+
+Each successful scroll or item navigation request clears the pattern
+buffer. It is also possible to set the pattern buffer explicitly
+with <CODE>set_menu_pattern()</CODE>. <P>
+
+Finally, menu driver requests above the constant <CODE>MAX_COMMAND</CODE>
+are considered application-specific commands. The <CODE>menu_driver()</CODE>
+code ignores them and returns <CODE>E_UNKNOWN_COMMAND</CODE>.
+
+<H2><A NAME="mmisc">Miscellaneous Other Features</A></H2>
+
+Various menu options can affect the processing and visual appearance
+and input processing of menus. See <CODE>menu_opts(3x) for
+details.</CODE> <P>
+
+It is possible to change the current item from application code; this
+is useful if you want to write your own navigation requests. It is
+also possible to explicitly set the top row of the menu display. See
+<CODE>mitem_current(3x)</CODE>.
+
+If your application needs to change the menu subwindow cursor for
+any reason, <CODE>pos_menu_cursor()</CODE> will restore it to the
+correct location for continuing menu driver processing. <P>
+
+It is possible to set hooks to be called at menu initialization and
+wrapup time, and whenever the selected item changes. See
+<CODE>menu_hook(3x)</CODE>. <P>
+
+Each item, and each menu, has an associated user pointer on which you
+can hang application data. See <CODE>mitem_userptr(3x)</CODE> and
+<CODE>menu_userptr(3x)</CODE>.
+
+<H1><A NAME="form">The Forms Library</A></H1>
+
+The <CODE>form</CODE> library is a curses extension that supports easy
+programming of on-screen forms for data entry and program control. <P>
+
+The <CODE>form</CODE> library first appeared in AT&amp;T System V. The
+version documented here is the <CODE>form</CODE> code distributed
+with <CODE>ncurses</CODE>.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fcompile">Compiling With the form Library</A></H2>
+
+Your form-using modules must import the form library declarations with
+
+<PRE>
+ #include &lt;form.h&gt;
+</PRE>
+
+and must be linked explicitly with the forms library using an
+<CODE>-lform</CODE> argument. Note that they must also link the
+<CODE>ncurses</CODE> library with <CODE>-lncurses</CODE>. Many linkers
+are two-pass and will accept either order, but it is still good practice
+to put <CODE>-lform</CODE> first and <CODE>-lncurses</CODE> second.
+
+<H2><A NAME="foverview">Overview of Forms</A></H2>
+
+A form is a collection of fields; each field may be either a label
+(explanatory text) or a data-entry location. Long forms may be
+segmented into pages; each entry to a new page clears the screen. <P>
+To make forms, you create groups of fields and connect them with form
+frame objects; the form library makes this relatively simple. <P>
+
+Once defined, a form can be <DFN>posted</DFN>, that is written to an
+associated window. Actually, each form has two associated windows; a
+containing window in which the programmer can scribble titles or
+borders, and a subwindow in which the form fields proper are displayed. <P>
+
+As the form user fills out the posted form, navigation and editing
+keys support movement between fields, editing keys support modifying
+field, and plain text adds to or changes data in a current field. The
+form library allows you (the forms designer) to bind each navigation
+and editing key to any keystroke accepted by <CODE>curses</CODE>
+
+Fields may have validation conditions on them, so that they check input
+data for type and value. The form library supplies a rich set of
+pre-defined field types, and makes it relatively easy to define new ones. <P>
+
+Once its transaction is completed (or aborted), a form may be
+<DFN>unposted</DFN> (that is, undisplayed), and finally freed to make
+the storage associated with it and its items available for re-use. <P>
+
+The general flow of control of a form program looks like this:
+
+<OL>
+<LI>Initialize <CODE>curses</CODE>.
+<LI>Create the form fields, using <CODE>new_field()</CODE>.
+<LI>Create the form using <CODE>new_form()</CODE>.
+<LI>Post the form using <CODE>form_post()</CODE>.
+<LI>Refresh the screen.
+<LI>Process user requests via an input loop.
+<LI>Unpost the form using <CODE>form_unpost()</CODE>.
+<LI>Free the form, using <CODE>free_form()</CODE>.
+<LI>Free the fields using <CODE>free_field()</CODE>.
+<LI>Terminate <CODE>curses</CODE>.
+</OL>
+
+Note that this looks much like a menu program; the form library handles
+tasks which are in many ways similar, and its interface was obviously
+designed to resemble that of the <A HREF="#menu">menu library</A>
+wherever possible. <P>
+
+In forms programs, however, the `process user requests' is somewhat more
+complicated than for menus. Besides menu-like navigation operations,
+the menu driver loop has to support field editing and data validation.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fcreate">Creating and Freeing Fields and Forms</A></H2>
+
+The basic function for creating fields is <CODE>new_field()</CODE>:
+
+<PRE>
+FIELD *new_field(int height, int width, /* new field size */
+ int top, int left, /* upper left corner */
+ int offscreen, /* number of offscreen rows */
+ int nbuf); /* number of working buffers */
+</PRE>
+
+Menu items always occupy a single row, but forms fields may have
+multiple rows. So <CODE>new_field()</CODE> requires you to specify a
+width and height (the first two arguments, which mist both be greater
+than zero). <P>
+
+You must also specify the location of the field's upper left corner on
+the screen (the third and fourth arguments, which must be zero or
+greater). Note that these coordinates are relative to the form
+subwindow, which will coincide with <CODE>stdscr</CODE> by default but
+need not be <CODE>stdscr</CODE> if you've done an explicit
+<CODE>set_form_window()</CODE> call. <P>
+
+The fifth argument allows you to specify a number of off-screen rows. If
+this is zero, the entire field will always be displayed. If it is
+nonzero, the form will be scrollable, with only one screen-full (initially
+the top part) displayed at any given time. If you make a field dynamic
+and grow it so it will no longer fit on the screen, the form will become
+scrollable even if the <CODE>offscreen</CODE> argument was initially zero. <P>
+
+The forms library allocates one working buffer per field; the size of
+each buffer is <CODE>((height + offscreen)*width + 1</CODE>, one character
+for each position in the field plus a NUL terminator. The sixth
+argument is the number of additional data buffers to allocate for the
+field; your application can use them for its own purposes.
+
+<PRE>
+FIELD *dup_field(FIELD *field, /* field to copy */
+ int top, int left); /* location of new copy */
+</PRE>
+
+The function <CODE>dup_field()</CODE> duplicates an existing field at a
+new location. Size and buffering information are copied; some
+attribute flags and status bits are not (see the
+<CODE>form_field_new(3X)</CODE> for details).
+
+<PRE>
+FIELD *link_field(FIELD *field, /* field to copy */
+ int top, int left); /* location of new copy */
+</PRE>
+
+The function <CODE>link_field()</CODE> also duplicates an existing field
+at a new location. The difference from <CODE>dup_field()</CODE> is that
+it arranges for the new field's buffer to be shared with the old one. <P>
+
+Besides the obvious use in making a field editable from two different
+form pages, linked fields give you a way to hack in dynamic labels. If
+you declare several fields linked to an original, and then make them
+inactive, changes from the original will still be propagated to the
+linked fields. <P>
+
+As with duplicated fields, linked fields have attribute bits separate
+from the original. <P>
+
+As you might guess, all these field-allocations return <CODE>NULL</CODE> if
+the field allocation is not possible due to an out-of-memory error or
+out-of-bounds arguments. <P>
+
+To connect fields to a form, use
+
+<PRE>
+FORM *new_form(FIELD **fields);
+</PRE>
+
+This function expects to see a NULL-terminated array of field pointers.
+Said fields are connected to a newly-allocated form object; its address
+is returned (or else NULL if the allocation fails). <P>
+
+Note that <CODE>new_field()</CODE> does <EM>not</EM> copy the pointer array
+into private storage; if you modify the contents of the pointer array
+during forms processing, all manner of bizarre things might happen. Also
+note that any given field may only be connected to one form. <P>
+
+The functions <CODE>free_field()</CODE> and <CODE>free_form</CODE> are available
+to free field and form objects. It is an error to attempt to free a field
+connected to a form, but not vice-versa; thus, you will generally free
+your form objects first.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fattributes">Fetching and Changing Field Attributes</A></H2>
+
+Each form field has a number of location and size attributes
+associated with it. There are other field attributes used to control
+display and editing of the field. Some (for example, the <CODE>O_STATIC</CODE> bit)
+involve sufficient complications to be covered in sections of their own
+later on. We cover the functions used to get and set several basic
+attributes here. <P>
+
+When a field is created, the attributes not specified by the
+<CODE>new_field</CODE> function are copied from an invisible system
+default field. In attribute-setting and -fetching functions, the
+argument NULL is taken to mean this field. Changes to it persist
+as defaults until your forms application terminates.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fsizes">Fetching Size and Location Data</A></H3>
+
+You can retrieve field sizes and locations through:
+
+<PRE>
+int field_info(FIELD *field, /* field from which to fetch */
+ int *height, *int width, /* field size */
+ int *top, int *left, /* upper left corner */
+ int *offscreen, /* number of offscreen rows */
+ int *nbuf); /* number of working buffers */
+</PRE>
+
+This function is a sort of inverse of <CODE>new_field()</CODE>; instead of
+setting size and location attributes of a new field, it fetches them
+from an existing one.
+
+<H3><A NAME="flocation">Changing the Field Location</A></H3>
+
+It is possible to move a field's location on the screen:
+
+<PRE>
+int move_field(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int top, int left); /* new upper-left corner */
+</PRE>
+
+You can, of course. query the current location through <CODE>field_info()</CODE>.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fjust">The Justification Attribute</A></H3>
+
+One-line fields may be unjustified, justified right, justified left,
+or centered. Here is how you manipulate this attribute:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_just(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int justmode); /* mode to set */
+
+int field_just(FIELD *field); /* fetch mode of field */
+</PRE>
+
+The mode values accepted and returned by this functions are
+preprocessor macros <CODE>NO_JUSTIFICATION</CODE>, <CODE>JUSTIFY_RIGHT</CODE>,
+<CODE>JUSTIFY_LEFT</CODE>, or <CODE>JUSTIFY_CENTER</CODE>.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fdispatts">Field Display Attributes</A></H3>
+
+For each field, you can set a foreground attribute for entered
+characters, a background attribute for the entire field, and a pad
+character for the unfilled portion of the field. You can also
+control pagination of the form. <P>
+
+This group of four field attributes controls the visual appearance
+of the field on the screen, without affecting in any way the data
+in the field buffer.
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_fore(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ chtype attr); /* attribute to set */
+
+chtype field_fore(FIELD *field); /* field to query */
+
+int set_field_back(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ chtype attr); /* attribute to set */
+
+chtype field_back(FIELD *field); /* field to query */
+
+int set_field_pad(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int pad); /* pad character to set */
+
+chtype field_pad(FIELD *field);
+
+int set_new_page(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int flag); /* TRUE to force new page */
+
+chtype new_page(FIELD *field); /* field to query */
+</PRE>
+
+The attributes set and returned by the first four functions are normal
+<CODE>curses(3x)</CODE> display attribute values (<CODE>A_STANDOUT</CODE>,
+<CODE>A_BOLD</CODE>, <CODE>A_REVERSE</CODE> etc).
+
+The page bit of a field controls whether it is displayed at the start of
+a new form screen.
+
+<H3><A NAME="foptions">Field Option Bits</A></H3>
+
+There is also a large collection of field option bits you can set to control
+various aspects of forms processing. You can manipulate them with these
+functions:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_opts(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int attr); /* attribute to set */
+
+int field_opts_on(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int attr); /* attributes to turn on */
+
+int field_opts_off(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int attr); /* attributes to turn off */
+
+int field_opts(FIELD *field); /* field to query */
+</PRE>
+
+By default, all options are on. Here are the available option bits:
+<DL>
+<DT> O_VISIBLE
+<DD> Controls whether the field is visible on the screen. Can be used
+during form processing to hide or pop up fields depending on the value
+of parent fields.
+<DT> O_ACTIVE
+<DD> Controls whether the field is active during forms processing (i.e.
+visited by form navigation keys). Can be used to make labels or derived
+fields with buffer values alterable by the forms application, not the user.
+<DT> O_PUBLIC
+<DD> Controls whether data is displayed during field entry. If this option is
+turned off on a field, the library will accept and edit data in that field,
+but it will not be displayed and the visible field cursor will not move.
+You can turn off the O_PUBLIC bit to define password fields.
+<DT> O_EDIT
+<DD> Controls whether the field's data can be modified. When this option is
+off, all editing requests except <CODE>REQ_PREV_CHOICE</CODE> and
+<CODE>REQ_NEXT_CHOICE</CODE> will fail. Such read-only fields may be useful for
+help messages.
+<DT> O_WRAP
+<DD> Controls word-wrapping in multi-line fields. Normally, when any
+character of a (blank-separated) word reaches the end of the current line, the
+entire word is wrapped to the next line (assuming there is one). When this
+option is off, the word will be split across the line break.
+<DT> O_BLANK
+<DD> Controls field blanking. When this option is on, entering a character at
+the first field position erases the entire field (except for the just-entered
+character).
+<DT> O_AUTOSKIP
+<DD> Controls automatic skip to next field when this one fills. Normally,
+when the forms user tries to type more data into a field than will fit,
+the editing location jumps to next field. When this option is off, the
+user's cursor will hang at the end of the field. This option is ignored
+in dynamic fields that have not reached their size limit.
+<DT> O_NULLOK
+<DD> Controls whether <A HREF="#fvalidation">validation</A> is applied to
+blank fields. Normally, it is not; the user can leave a field blank
+without invoking the usual validation check on exit. If this option is
+off on a field, exit from it will invoke a validation check.
+<DT> O_PASSOK
+<DD> Controls whether validation occurs on every exit, or only after
+the field is modified. Normally the latter is true. Setting O_PASSOK
+may be useful if your field's validation function may change during
+forms processing.
+<DT> O_STATIC
+<DD> Controls whether the field is fixed to its initial dimensions. If you
+turn this off, the field becomes <A HREF="#fdynamic">dynamic</A> and will
+stretch to fit entered data.
+</DL>
+
+A field's options cannot be changed while the field is currently selected.
+However, options may be changed on posted fields that are not current. <P>
+
+The option values are bit-masks and can be composed with logical-or in
+the obvious way.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fstatus">Field Status</A></H2>
+
+Every field has a status flag, which is set to FALSE when the field is
+created and TRUE when the value in field buffer 0 changes. This flag can
+be queried and set directly:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_status(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int status); /* mode to set */
+
+int field_status(FIELD *field); /* fetch mode of field */
+</PRE>
+
+Setting this flag under program control can be useful if you use the same
+form repeatedly, looking for modified fields each time. <P>
+
+Calling <CODE>field_status()</CODE> on a field not currently selected
+for input will return a correct value. Calling <CODE>field_status()</CODE> on a
+field that is currently selected for input may not necessarily give a
+correct field status value, because entered data isn't necessarily copied to
+buffer zero before the exit validation check.
+
+To guarantee that the returned status value reflects reality, call
+<CODE>field_status()</CODE> either (1) in the field's exit validation check
+routine, (2) from the field's or form's initialization or termination
+hooks, or (3) just after a <CODE>REQ_VALIDATION</CODE> request has been
+processed by the forms driver.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fuser">Field User Pointer</A></H2>
+
+Each field structure contains one character pointer slot that is not used
+by the forms library. It is intended to be used by applications to store
+private per-field data. You can manipulate it with:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_userptr(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ char *userptr); /* mode to set */
+
+char *field_userptr(FIELD *field); /* fetch mode of field */
+</PRE>
+
+(Properly, this user pointer field ought to have <CODE>(void *)</CODE> type.
+The <CODE>(char *)</CODE> type is retained for System V compatibility.) <P>
+
+It is valid to set the user pointer of the default field (with a
+<CODE>set_field_userptr()</CODE> call passed a NULL field pointer.)
+When a new field is created, the default-field user pointer is copied
+to initialize the new field's user pointer.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fdynamic">Variable-Sized Fields</A></H2>
+
+Normally, a field is fixed at the size specified for it at creation
+time. If, however, you turn off its O_STATIC bit, it becomes
+<DFN>dynamic</DFN> and will automatically resize itself to accommodate
+data as it is entered. If the field has extra buffers associated with it,
+they will grow right along with the main input buffer. <P>
+
+A one-line dynamic field will have a fixed height (1) but variable
+width, scrolling horizontally to display data within the field area as
+originally dimensioned and located. A multi-line dynamic field will
+have a fixed width, but variable height (number of rows), scrolling
+vertically to display data within the field area as originally
+dimensioned and located. <P>
+
+Normally, a dynamic field is allowed to grow without limit. But it is
+possible to set an upper limit on the size of a dynamic field. You do
+it with this function:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_max_field(FIELD *field, /* field to alter (may not be NULL) */
+ int max_size); /* upper limit on field size */
+</PRE>
+
+If the field is one-line, <CODE>max_size</CODE> is taken to be a column size
+limit; if it is multi-line, it is taken to be a line size limit. To disable
+any limit, use an argument of zero. The growth limit can be changed whether
+or not the O_STATIC bit is on, but has no effect until it is. <P>
+
+The following properties of a field change when it becomes dynamic:
+
+<UL>
+<LI>If there is no growth limit, there is no final position of the field;
+therefore <CODE>O_AUTOSKIP</CODE> and <CODE>O_NL_OVERLOAD</CODE> are ignored.
+<LI>Field justification will be ignored (though whatever justification is
+set up will be retained internally and can be queried).
+<LI>The <CODE>dup_field()</CODE> and <CODE>link_field()</CODE> calls copy
+dynamic-buffer sizes. If the <CODE>O_STATIC</CODE> option is set on one of a
+collection of links, buffer resizing will occur only when the field is
+edited through that link.
+<LI>The call <CODE>field_info()</CODE> will retrieve the original static size of
+the field; use <CODE>dynamic_field_info()</CODE> to get the actual dynamic size.
+</UL>
+
+<H2><A NAME="fvalidation">Field Validation</A></H2>
+
+By default, a field will accept any data that will fit in its input buffer.
+However, it is possible to attach a validation type to a field. If you do
+this, any attempt to leave the field while it contains data that doesn't
+match the validation type will fail. Some validation types also have a
+character-validity check for each time a character is entered in the field. <P>
+
+A field's validation check (if any) is not called when
+<CODE>set_field_buffer()</CODE> modifies the input buffer, nor when that buffer
+is changed through a linked field. <P>
+
+The <CODE>form</CODE> library provides a rich set of pre-defined validation
+types, and gives you the capability to define custom ones of your own. You
+can examine and change field validation attributes with the following
+functions:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ FIELDTYPE *ftype, /* type to associate */
+ ...); /* additional arguments*/
+
+FIELDTYPE *field_type(FIELD *field); /* field to query */
+</PRE>
+
+The validation type of a field is considered an attribute of the field. As
+with other field attributes, Also, doing <CODE>set_field_type()</CODE> with a
+<CODE>NULL</CODE> field default will change the system default for validation of
+newly-created fields. <P>
+
+Here are the pre-defined validation types:
+
+<H3><A NAME="ftype_alpha">TYPE_ALPHA</A></H3>
+
+This field type accepts alphabetic data; no blanks, no digits, no special
+characters (this is checked at character-entry time). It is set up with:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ TYPE_ALPHA, /* type to associate */
+ int width); /* maximum width of field */
+</PRE>
+
+The <CODE>width</CODE> argument sets a minimum width of data. Typically
+you'll want to set this to the field width; if it's greater than the
+field width, the validation check will always fail. A minimum width
+of zero makes field completion optional.
+
+<H3><A NAME="ftype_alnum">TYPE_ALNUM</A></H3>
+
+This field type accepts alphabetic data and digits; no blanks, no special
+characters (this is checked at character-entry time). It is set up with:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ TYPE_ALNUM, /* type to associate */
+ int width); /* maximum width of field */
+</PRE>
+
+The <CODE>width</CODE> argument sets a minimum width of data. As with
+TYPE_ALPHA, typically you'll want to set this to the field width; if it's
+greater than the field width, the validation check will always fail. A
+minimum width of zero makes field completion optional.
+
+<H3><A NAME="ftype_enum">TYPE_ENUM</A></H3>
+
+This type allows you to restrict a field's values to be among a specified
+set of string values (for example, the two-letter postal codes for U.S.
+states). It is set up with:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ TYPE_ENUM, /* type to associate */
+ char **valuelist; /* list of possible values */
+ int checkcase; /* case-sensitive? */
+ int checkunique); /* must specify uniquely? */
+</PRE>
+
+The <CODE>valuelist</CODE> parameter must point at a NULL-terminated list of
+valid strings. The <CODE>checkcase</CODE> argument, if true, makes comparison
+with the string case-sensitive. <P>
+
+When the user exits a TYPE_ENUM field, the validation procedure tries to
+complete the data in the buffer to a valid entry. If a complete choice string
+has been entered, it is of course valid. But it is also possible to enter a
+prefix of a valid string and have it completed for you. <P>
+
+By default, if you enter such a prefix and it matches more than one value
+in the string list, the prefix will be completed to the first matching
+value. But the <CODE>checkunique</CODE> argument, if true, requires prefix
+matches to be unique in order to be valid. <P>
+
+The <CODE>REQ_NEXT_CHOICE</CODE> and <CODE>REQ_PREV_CHOICE</CODE> input requests
+can be particularly useful with these fields.
+
+<H3><A NAME="ftype_integer">TYPE_INTEGER</A></H3>
+
+This field type accepts an integer. It is set up as follows:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ TYPE_INTEGER, /* type to associate */
+ int padding, /* # places to zero-pad to */
+ int vmin, int vmax); /* valid range */
+</PRE>
+
+Valid characters consist of an optional leading minus and digits.
+The range check is performed on exit. If the range maximum is less
+than or equal to the minimum, the range is ignored. <P>
+
+If the value passes its range check, it is padded with as many leading
+zero digits as necessary to meet the padding argument. <P>
+
+A <CODE>TYPE_INTEGER</CODE> value buffer can conveniently be interpreted
+with the C library function <CODE>atoi(3)</CODE>.
+
+<H3><A NAME="ftype_numeric">TYPE_NUMERIC</A></H3>
+
+This field type accepts a decimal number. It is set up as follows:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ TYPE_NUMERIC, /* type to associate */
+ int padding, /* # places of precision */
+ double vmin, double vmax); /* valid range */
+</PRE>
+
+Valid characters consist of an optional leading minus and digits. possibly
+including a decimal point. If your system supports locale's, the decimal point
+character used must be the one defined by your locale. The range check is
+performed on exit. If the range maximum is less than or equal to the minimum,
+the range is ignored. <P>
+
+If the value passes its range check, it is padded with as many trailing
+zero digits as necessary to meet the padding argument. <P>
+
+A <CODE>TYPE_NUMERIC</CODE> value buffer can conveniently be interpreted
+with the C library function <CODE>atof(3)</CODE>.
+
+<H3><A NAME="ftype_regexp">TYPE_REGEXP</A></H3>
+
+This field type accepts data matching a regular expression. It is set up
+as follows:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_type(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ TYPE_REGEXP, /* type to associate */
+ char *regexp); /* expression to match */
+</PRE>
+
+The syntax for regular expressions is that of <CODE>regcomp(3)</CODE>.
+The check for regular-expression match is performed on exit.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fbuffer">Direct Field Buffer Manipulation</A></H2>
+
+The chief attribute of a field is its buffer contents. When a form has
+been completed, your application usually needs to know the state of each
+field buffer. You can find this out with:
+
+<PRE>
+char *field_buffer(FIELD *field, /* field to query */
+ int bufindex); /* number of buffer to query */
+</PRE>
+
+Normally, the state of the zero-numbered buffer for each field is set by
+the user's editing actions on that field. It's sometimes useful to be able
+to set the value of the zero-numbered (or some other) buffer from your
+application:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_field_buffer(FIELD *field, /* field to alter */
+ int bufindex, /* number of buffer to alter */
+ char *value); /* string value to set */
+</PRE>
+
+If the field is not large enough and cannot be resized to a sufficiently
+large size to contain the specified value, the value will be truncated
+to fit. <P>
+
+Calling <CODE>field_buffer()</CODE> with a null field pointer will raise an
+error. Calling <CODE>field_buffer()</CODE> on a field not currently selected
+for input will return a correct value. Calling <CODE>field_buffer()</CODE> on a
+field that is currently selected for input may not necessarily give a
+correct field buffer value, because entered data isn't necessarily copied to
+buffer zero before the exit validation check.
+
+To guarantee that the returned buffer value reflects on-screen reality,
+call <CODE>field_buffer()</CODE> either (1) in the field's exit validation
+check routine, (2) from the field's or form's initialization or termination
+hooks, or (3) just after a <CODE>REQ_VALIDATION</CODE> request has been processed
+by the forms driver.
+
+<H2><A NAME="formattrs">Attributes of Forms</A></H2>
+
+As with field attributes, form attributes inherit a default from a
+system default form structure. These defaults can be queried or set by
+of these functions using a form-pointer argument of <CODE>NULL</CODE>. <P>
+
+The principal attribute of a form is its field list. You can query
+and change this list with:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_form_fields(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ FIELD **fields); /* fields to connect */
+
+char *form_fields(FORM *form); /* fetch fields of form */
+
+int field_count(FORM *form); /* count connect fields */
+</PRE>
+
+The second argument of <CODE>set_form_fields()</CODE> may be a
+NULL-terminated field pointer array like the one required by
+<CODE>new_form()</CODE>. In that case, the old fields of the form are
+disconnected but not freed (and eligible to be connected to other
+forms), then the new fields are connected. <P>
+
+It may also be null, in which case the old fields are disconnected
+(and not freed) but no new ones are connected. <P>
+
+The <CODE>field_count()</CODE> function simply counts the number of fields
+connected to a given from. It returns -1 if the form-pointer argument
+is NULL.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fdisplay">Control of Form Display</A></H2>
+
+In the overview section, you saw that to display a form you normally
+start by defining its size (and fields), posting it, and refreshing
+the screen. There is an hidden step before posting, which is the
+association of the form with a frame window (actually, a pair of
+windows) within which it will be displayed. By default, the forms
+library associates every form with the full-screen window
+<CODE>stdscr</CODE>. <P>
+
+By making this step explicit, you can associate a form with a declared
+frame window on your screen display. This can be useful if you want to
+adapt the form display to different screen sizes, dynamically tile
+forms on the screen, or use a form as part of an interface layout
+managed by <A HREF="#panels">panels</A>. <P>
+
+The two windows associated with each form have the same functions as
+their analogues in the <A HREF="#menu">menu library</A>. Both these
+windows are painted when the form is posted and erased when the form
+is unposted. <P>
+
+The outer or frame window is not otherwise touched by the form
+routines. It exists so the programmer can associate a title, a
+border, or perhaps help text with the form and have it properly
+refreshed or erased at post/unpost time. The inner window or subwindow
+is where the current form page is actually displayed. <P>
+
+In order to declare your own frame window for a form, you'll need to
+know the size of the form's bounding rectangle. You can get this
+information with:
+
+<PRE>
+int scale_form(FORM *form, /* form to query */
+ int *rows, /* form rows */
+ int *cols); /* form cols */
+</PRE>
+
+The form dimensions are passed back in the locations pointed to by
+the arguments. Once you have this information, you can use it to
+declare of windows, then use one of these functions:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_form_win(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ WINDOW *win); /* frame window to connect */
+
+WINDOW *form_win(FORM *form); /* fetch frame window of form */
+
+int set_form_sub(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ WINDOW *win); /* form subwindow to connect */
+
+WINDOW *form_sub(FORM *form); /* fetch form subwindow of form */
+</PRE>
+
+Note that curses operations, including <CODE>refresh()</CODE>, on the form,
+should be done on the frame window, not the form subwindow. <P>
+
+It is possible to check from your application whether all of a
+scrollable field is actually displayed within the menu subwindow. Use
+these functions:
+
+<PRE>
+int data_ahead(FORM *form); /* form to be queried */
+
+int data_behind(FORM *form); /* form to be queried */
+</PRE>
+
+The function <CODE>data_ahead()</CODE> returns TRUE if (a) the current
+field is one-line and has undisplayed data off to the right, (b) the current
+field is multi-line and there is data off-screen below it. <P>
+
+The function <CODE>data_behind()</CODE> returns TRUE if the first (upper
+left hand) character position is off-screen (not being displayed). <P>
+
+Finally, there is a function to restore the form window's cursor to the
+value expected by the forms driver:
+
+<PRE>
+int pos_form_cursor(FORM *) /* form to be queried */
+</PRE>
+
+If your application changes the form window cursor, call this function before
+handing control back to the forms driver in order to re-synchronize it.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fdriver">Input Processing in the Forms Driver</A></H2>
+
+The function <CODE>form_driver()</CODE> handles virtualized input requests
+for form navigation, editing, and validation requests, just as
+<CODE>menu_driver</CODE> does for menus (see the section on <A
+HREF="#minput">menu input handling</A>).
+
+<PRE>
+int form_driver(FORM *form, /* form to pass input to */
+ int request); /* form request code */
+</PRE>
+
+Your input virtualization function needs to take input and then convert it
+to either an alphanumeric character (which is treated as data to be
+entered in the currently-selected field), or a forms processing request. <P>
+
+The forms driver provides hooks (through input-validation and
+field-termination functions) with which your application code can check
+that the input taken by the driver matched what was expected.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fpage">Page Navigation Requests</A></H3>
+
+These requests cause page-level moves through the form,
+triggering display of a new form screen.
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_NEXT_PAGE</CODE>
+<DD> Move to the next form page.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_PREV_PAGE</CODE>
+<DD> Move to the previous form page.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_FIRST_PAGE</CODE>
+<DD> Move to the first form page.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_LAST_PAGE</CODE>
+<DD> Move to the last form page.
+</DL>
+
+These requests treat the list as cyclic; that is, <CODE>REQ_NEXT_PAGE</CODE>
+from the last page goes to the first, and <CODE>REQ_PREV_PAGE</CODE> from
+the first page goes to the last.
+
+<H3><A NAME="#ffield">Inter-Field Navigation Requests</A></H3>
+
+These requests handle navigation between fields on the same page.
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_NEXT_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to next field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_PREV_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to previous field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_FIRST_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to the first field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_LAST_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to the last field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SNEXT_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to sorted next field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SPREV_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to sorted previous field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SFIRST_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to the sorted first field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SLAST_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to the sorted last field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_LEFT_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move left to field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_RIGHT_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move right to field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_UP_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move up to field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_DOWN_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move down to field.
+</DL>
+
+These requests treat the list of fields on a page as cyclic; that is,
+<CODE>REQ_NEXT_FIELD</CODE> from the last field goes to the first, and
+<CODE>REQ_PREV_FIELD</CODE> from the first field goes to the last. The
+order of the fields for these (and the <CODE>REQ_FIRST_FIELD</CODE> and
+<CODE>REQ_LAST_FIELD</CODE> requests) is simply the order of the field
+pointers in the form array (as set up by <CODE>new_form()</CODE> or
+<CODE>set_form_fields()</CODE> <P>
+
+It is also possible to traverse the fields as if they had been sorted in
+screen-position order, so the sequence goes left-to-right and top-to-bottom.
+To do this, use the second group of four sorted-movement requests. <P>
+
+Finally, it is possible to move between fields using visual directions up,
+down, right, and left. To accomplish this, use the third group of four
+requests. Note, however, that the position of a form for purposes of these
+requests is its upper-left corner. <P>
+
+For example, suppose you have a multi-line field B, and two
+single-line fields A and C on the same line with B, with A to the left
+of B and C to the right of B. A <CODE>REQ_MOVE_RIGHT</CODE> from A will
+go to B only if A, B, and C <EM>all</EM> share the same first line;
+otherwise it will skip over B to C.
+
+<H3><A NAME="#fifield">Intra-Field Navigation Requests</A></H3>
+
+These requests drive movement of the edit cursor within the currently
+selected field.
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_NEXT_CHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Move to next character.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_PREV_CHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Move to previous character.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_NEXT_LINE</CODE>
+<DD> Move to next line.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_PREV_LINE</CODE>
+<DD> Move to previous line.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_NEXT_WORD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to next word.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_PREV_WORD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to previous word.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_BEG_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to beginning of field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_END_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Move to end of field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_BEG_LINE</CODE>
+<DD> Move to beginning of line.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_END_LINE</CODE>
+<DD> Move to end of line.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_LEFT_CHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Move left in field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_RIGHT_CHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Move right in field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_UP_CHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Move up in field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_DOWN_CHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Move down in field.
+</DL>
+
+Each <EM>word</EM> is separated from the previous and next characters
+by whitespace. The commands to move to beginning and end of line or field
+look for the first or last non-pad character in their ranges.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fscroll">Scrolling Requests</A></H3>
+
+Fields that are dynamic and have grown and fields explicitly created
+with offscreen rows are scrollable. One-line fields scroll horizontally;
+multi-line fields scroll vertically. Most scrolling is triggered by
+editing and intra-field movement (the library scrolls the field to keep the
+cursor visible). It is possible to explicitly request scrolling with the
+following requests:
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_FLINE</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll vertically forward a line.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_BLINE</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll vertically backward a line.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_FPAGE</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll vertically forward a page.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_BPAGE</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll vertically backward a page.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_FHPAGE</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll vertically forward half a page.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_BHPAGE</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll vertically backward half a page.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_FCHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll horizontally forward a character.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_BCHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll horizontally backward a character.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_HFLINE</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll horizontally one field width forward.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_HBLINE</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll horizontally one field width backward.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_HFHALF</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll horizontally one half field width forward.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_SCR_HBHALF</CODE>
+<DD> Scroll horizontally one half field width backward.
+</DL>
+
+For scrolling purposes, a <EM>page</EM> of a field is the height
+of its visible part.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fedit">Editing Requests</A></H3>
+
+When you pass the forms driver an ASCII character, it is treated as a
+request to add the character to the field's data buffer. Whether this
+is an insertion or a replacement depends on the field's edit mode
+(insertion is the default. <P>
+
+The following requests support editing the field and changing the edit
+mode:
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_INS_MODE</CODE>
+<DD> Set insertion mode.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_OVL_MODE</CODE>
+<DD> Set overlay mode.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_NEW_LINE</CODE>
+<DD> New line request (see below for explanation).
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_INS_CHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Insert space at character location.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_INS_LINE</CODE>
+<DD> Insert blank line at character location.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_DEL_CHAR</CODE>
+<DD> Delete character at cursor.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_DEL_PREV</CODE>
+<DD> Delete previous word at cursor.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_DEL_LINE</CODE>
+<DD> Delete line at cursor.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_DEL_WORD</CODE>
+<DD> Delete word at cursor.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_CLR_EOL</CODE>
+<DD> Clear to end of line.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_CLR_EOF</CODE>
+<DD> Clear to end of field.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_CLEAR_FIELD</CODE>
+<DD> Clear entire field.
+</DL>
+
+The behavior of the <CODE>REQ_NEW_LINE</CODE> and <CODE>REQ_DEL_PREV</CODE> requests
+is complicated and partly controlled by a pair of forms options.
+The special cases are triggered when the cursor is at the beginning of
+a field, or on the last line of the field. <P>
+
+First, we consider <CODE>REQ_NEW_LINE</CODE>: <P>
+
+The normal behavior of <CODE>REQ_NEW_LINE</CODE> in insert mode is to break the
+current line at the position of the edit cursor, inserting the portion of
+the current line after the cursor as a new line following the current
+and moving the cursor to the beginning of that new line (you may think
+of this as inserting a newline in the field buffer). <P>
+
+The normal behavior of <CODE>REQ_NEW_LINE</CODE> in overlay mode is to clear the
+current line from the position of the edit cursor to end of line.
+The cursor is then moved to the beginning of the next line. <P>
+
+However, <CODE>REQ_NEW_LINE</CODE> at the beginning of a field, or on the
+last line of a field, instead does a <CODE>REQ_NEXT_FIELD</CODE>.
+<CODE>O_NL_OVERLOAD</CODE> option is off, this special action is
+disabled. <P>
+
+Now, let us consider <CODE>REQ_DEL_PREV</CODE>: <P>
+
+The normal behavior of <CODE>REQ_DEL_PREV</CODE> is to delete the previous
+character. If insert mode is on, and the cursor is at the start of a
+line, and the text on that line will fit on the previous one, it
+instead appends the contents of the current line to the previous one
+and deletes the current line (you may think of this as deleting a
+newline from the field buffer). <P>
+
+However, <CODE>REQ_DEL_PREV</CODE> at the beginning of a field is instead
+treated as a <CODE>REQ_PREV_FIELD</CODE>. <P> If the
+<CODE>O_BS_OVERLOAD</CODE> option is off, this special action is
+disabled and the forms driver just returns <CODE>E_REQUEST_DENIED</CODE>. <P>
+
+See <A HREF="#frmoptions">Form Options</A> for discussion of how to set
+and clear the overload options.
+
+<H3><A NAME="forder">Order Requests</A></H3>
+
+If the type of your field is ordered, and has associated functions
+for getting the next and previous values of the type from a given value,
+there are requests that can fetch that value into the field buffer:
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_NEXT_CHOICE</CODE>
+<DD> Place the successor value of the current value in the buffer.
+<DT> <CODE>REQ_PREV_CHOICE</CODE>
+<DD> Place the predecessor value of the current value in the buffer.
+</DL>
+
+Of the built-in field types, only <CODE>TYPE_ENUM</CODE> has built-in successor
+and predecessor functions. When you define a field type of your own
+(see <A HREF="#fcustom">Custom Validation Types</A>), you can associate
+our own ordering functions.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fappcmds">Application Commands</A></H3>
+
+Form requests are represented as integers above the <CODE>curses</CODE> value
+greater than <CODE>KEY_MAX</CODE> and less than or equal to the constant
+<CODE>MAX_COMMAND</CODE>. If your input-virtualization routine returns a
+value above <CODE>MAX_COMMAND</CODE>, the forms driver will ignore it.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fhooks">Field Change Hooks</A></H2>
+
+It is possible to set function hooks to be executed whenever the
+current field or form changes. Here are the functions that support this:
+
+<PRE>
+typedef void (*HOOK)(); /* pointer to function returning void */
+
+int set_form_init(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ HOOK hook); /* initialization hook */
+
+HOOK form_init(FORM *form); /* form to query */
+
+int set_form_term(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ HOOK hook); /* termination hook */
+
+HOOK form_term(FORM *form); /* form to query */
+
+int set_field_init(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ HOOK hook); /* initialization hook */
+
+HOOK field_init(FORM *form); /* form to query */
+
+int set_field_term(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ HOOK hook); /* termination hook */
+
+HOOK field_term(FORM *form); /* form to query */
+</PRE>
+
+These functions allow you to either set or query four different hooks.
+In each of the set functions, the second argument should be the
+address of a hook function. These functions differ only in the timing
+of the hook call.
+
+<DL>
+<DT> form_init
+<DD> This hook is called when the form is posted; also, just after
+each page change operation.
+<DT> field_init
+<DD> This hook is called when the form is posted; also, just after
+each field change
+<DT> field_term
+<DD> This hook is called just after field validation; that is, just before
+the field is altered. It is also called when the form is unposted.
+<DT> form_term
+<DD> This hook is called when the form is unposted; also, just before
+each page change operation.
+</DL>
+
+Calls to these hooks may be triggered
+<OL>
+<LI>When user editing requests are processed by the forms driver
+<LI>When the current page is changed by <CODE>set_current_field()</CODE> call
+<LI>When the current field is changed by a <CODE>set_form_page()</CODE> call
+</OL>
+
+See <A NAME="ffocus">Field Change Commands</A> for discussion of the latter
+two cases. <P>
+
+You can set a default hook for all fields by passing one of the set functions
+a NULL first argument. <P>
+
+You can disable any of these hooks by (re)setting them to NULL, the default
+value.
+
+<H2><A HREF="#ffocus">Field Change Commands</A></H2>
+
+Normally, navigation through the form will be driven by the user's
+input requests. But sometimes it is useful to be able to move the
+focus for editing and viewing under control of your application, or
+ask which field it currently is in. The following functions help you
+accomplish this:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_current_field(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ FIELD *field); /* field to shift to */
+
+FIELD *current_field(FORM *form); /* form to query */
+
+int field_index(FORM *form, /* form to query */
+ FIELD *field); /* field to get index of */
+</PRE>
+
+The function <CODE>field_index()</CODE> returns the index of the given field
+in the given form's field array (the array passed to <CODE>new_form()</CODE> or
+<CODE>set_form_fields()</CODE>). <P>
+
+The initial current field of a form is the first active field on the
+first page. The function <CODE>set_form_fields()</CODE> resets this.<P>
+
+It is also possible to move around by pages.
+
+<PRE>
+int set_form_page(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ int page); /* page to go to (0-origin) */
+
+int form_page(FORM *form); /* return form's current page */
+</PRE>
+
+The initial page of a newly-created form is 0. The function
+<CODE>set_form_fields()</CODE> resets this.
+
+<H2><A NAME="frmoptions">Form Options</A></H2>
+
+Like fields, forms may have control option bits. They can be changed
+or queried with these functions:
+
+<PRE>
+int set_form_opts(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ int attr); /* attribute to set */
+
+int form_opts_on(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ int attr); /* attributes to turn on */
+
+int form_opts_off(FORM *form, /* form to alter */
+ int attr); /* attributes to turn off */
+
+int form_opts(FORM *form); /* form to query */
+</PRE>
+
+By default, all options are on. Here are the available option bits:
+
+<DL>
+<DT> O_NL_OVERLOAD
+<DD> Enable overloading of <CODE>REQ_NEW_LINE</CODE> as described in <A
+NAME="fedit">Editing Requests</A>. The value of this option is
+ignored on dynamic fields that have not reached their size limit;
+these have no last line, so the circumstances for triggering a
+<CODE>REQ_NEXT_FIELD</CODE> never arise.
+<DT> O_BS_OVERLOAD
+<DD> Enable overloading of <CODE>REQ_DEL_PREV</CODE> as described in
+<A NAME="fedit">Editing Requests</A>.
+</DL>
+
+The option values are bit-masks and can be composed with logical-or in
+the obvious way.
+
+<H2><A NAME="fcustom">Custom Validation Types</A></H2>
+
+The <CODE>form</CODE> library gives you the capability to define custom
+validation types of your own. Further, the optional additional arguments
+of <CODE>set_field_type</CODE> effectively allow you to parameterize validation
+types. Most of the complications in the validation-type interface have to
+do with the handling of the additional arguments within custom validation
+functions.
+
+<H3><A NAME="flinktypes">Union Types</A></H3>
+
+The simplest way to create a custom data type is to compose it from two
+preexisting ones:
+
+<PRE>
+FIELD *link_fieldtype(FIELDTYPE *type1,
+ FIELDTYPE *type2);
+</PRE>
+
+This function creates a field type that will accept any of the values
+legal for either of its argument field types (which may be either
+predefined or programmer-defined).
+
+If a <CODE>set_field_type()</CODE> call later requires arguments, the new
+composite type expects all arguments for the first type, than all arguments
+for the second. Order functions (see <A HREF="#forder">Order Requests</A>)
+associated with the component types will work on the composite; what it does
+is check the validation function for the first type, then for the second, to
+figure what type the buffer contents should be treated as.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fnewtypes">New Field Types</A></H3>
+
+To create a field type from scratch, you need to specify one or both of the
+following things:
+
+<UL>
+<LI>A character-validation function, to check each character as it is entered.
+<LI>A field-validation function to be applied on exit from the field.
+</UL>
+
+Here's how you do that:
+<PRE>
+typedef int (*HOOK)(); /* pointer to function returning int */
+
+FIELDTYPE *new_fieldtype(HOOK f_validate, /* field validator */
+ HOOK c_validate) /* character validator */
+
+
+int free_fieldtype(FIELDTYPE *ftype); /* type to free */
+</PRE>
+
+At least one of the arguments of <CODE>new_fieldtype()</CODE> must be
+non-NULL. The forms driver will automatically call the new type's
+validation functions at appropriate points in processing a field of
+the new type. <P>
+
+The function <CODE>free_fieldtype()</CODE> deallocates the argument
+fieldtype, freeing all storage associated with it. <P>
+
+Normally, a field validator is called when the user attempts to
+leave the field. Its first argument is a field pointer, from which it
+can get to field buffer 0 and test it. If the function returns TRUE,
+the operation succeeds; if it returns FALSE, the edit cursor stays in
+the field. <P>
+
+A character validator gets the character passed in as a first argument.
+It too should return TRUE if the character is valid, FALSE otherwise.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fcheckargs">Validation Function Arguments</A></H3>
+
+Your field- and character- validation functions will be passed a
+second argument as well. This second argument is the address of a
+structure (which we'll call a <EM>pile</EM>) built from any of the
+field-type-specific arguments passed to <CODE>set_field_type()</CODE>. If
+no such arguments are defined for the field type, this pile pointer
+argument will be NULL. <P>
+
+In order to arrange for such arguments to be passed to your validation
+functions, you must associate a small set of storage-management functions
+with the type. The forms driver will use these to synthesize a pile
+from the trailing arguments of each <CODE>set_field_type()</CODE> argument, and
+a pointer to the pile will be passed to the validation functions. <P>
+
+Here is how you make the association:
+
+<PRE>
+typedef char *(*PTRHOOK)(); /* pointer to function returning (char *) */
+typedef void (*VOIDHOOK)(); /* pointer to function returning void */
+
+int set_fieldtype_arg(FIELDTYPE *type, /* type to alter */
+ PTRHOOK make_str, /* make structure from args */
+ PTRHOOK copy_str, /* make copy of structure */
+ VOIDHOOK free_str); /* free structure storage */
+</PRE>
+
+Here is how the storage-management hooks are used:
+
+<DL>
+<DT> <CODE>make_str</CODE>
+<DD> This function is called by <CODE>set_field_type()</CODE>. It gets one
+argument, a <CODE>va_list</CODE> of the type-specific arguments passed to
+<CODE>set_field_type()</CODE>. It is expected to return a pile pointer to a data
+structure that encapsulates those arguments.
+<DT> <CODE>copy_str</CODE>
+<DD> This function is called by form library functions that allocate new
+field instances. It is expected to take a pile pointer, copy the pile
+to allocated storage, and return the address of the pile copy.
+<DT> <CODE>free_str</CODE>
+<DD> This function is called by field- and type-deallocation routines in the
+library. It takes a pile pointer argument, and is expected to free the
+storage of that pile.
+</DL>
+
+The <CODE>make_str</CODE> and <CODE>copy_str</CODE> functions may return NULL to
+signal allocation failure. The library routines will that call them will
+return error indication when this happens. Thus, your validation functions
+should never see a NULL file pointer and need not check specially for it.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fcustorder">Order Functions For Custom Types</A></H3>
+
+Some custom field types are simply ordered in the same well-defined way
+that <CODE>TYPE_ENUM</CODE> is. For such types, it is possible to define
+successor and predecessor functions to support the <CODE>REQ_NEXT_CHOICE</CODE>
+and <CODE>REQ_PREV_CHOICE</CODE> requests. Here's how:
+
+<PRE>
+typedef int (*INTHOOK)(); /* pointer to function returning int */
+
+int set_fieldtype_arg(FIELDTYPE *type, /* type to alter */
+ INTHOOK succ, /* get successor value */
+ INTHOOK pred); /* get predecessor value */
+</PRE>
+
+The successor and predecessor arguments will each be passed two arguments;
+a field pointer, and a pile pointer (as for the validation functions). They
+are expected to use the function <CODE>field_buffer()</CODE> to read the
+current value, and <CODE>set_field_buffer()</CODE> on buffer 0 to set the next
+or previous value. Either hook may return TRUE to indicate success (a
+legal next or previous value was set) or FALSE to indicate failure.
+
+<H3><A NAME="fcustprobs">Avoiding Problems</A></H3>
+
+The interface for defining custom types is complicated and tricky.
+Rather than attempting to create a custom type entirely from scratch,
+you should start by studying the library source code for whichever of
+the pre-defined types seems to be closest to what you want. <P>
+
+Use that code as a model, and evolve it towards what you really want.
+You will avoid many problems and annoyances that way. The code
+in the <CODE>ncurses</CODE> library has been specifically exempted from
+the package copyright to support this. <P>
+
+If your custom type defines order functions, have do something intuitive
+with a blank field. A useful convention is to make the successor of a
+blank field the types minimum value, and its predecessor the maximum.
+</BODY>
+</HTML>
OpenPOWER on IntegriCloud